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4 Reviewer A - Veterinary Pharmacology > Veterinary Pharma - Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular drugs > Flashcards

Veterinary Pharma - Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular drugs Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiovascular drugs are mainly grouped into? (5) CAPVA

A

Cardiac glycosides/digital glycosides
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors
Vasoactive drugs
Antiarrhythmics

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2
Q

Under the group cardiac/digitalis glycosides, what are the two (2) subgroups of drugs?

A

Digoxins
Digitalis

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3
Q

Under the group angiotensin-converting enzyme/ACE inhibitors), what are the drugs? (3) CBE

A

Captopril
Benazepril
Enalapril

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4
Q

Under the group phosphodiesterase enzyme/PDE inhibitors), what are the four (4) subgroups?

A

PDE-3 inhibitors
PDE-4 inhibitors
PDE-5 inhibitors
Non-specific PDE inhibitors

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5
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, what are the drugs under PDE 3 inhibitors? (4) CDMA

A

Cilostazol
Dipyridamole
Milrinone
Amrinone

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6
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under PDE 4 inhibitors? (3) RPC

A

Roflumilast
Premilast
Crisaborole

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7
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under PDE 5 inhibitors? (4)

A

Sildenafil
Tadalafil
Vardenafil
Avanafil.

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8
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under non-specific PDE inhibitors? (2)

A

Theophylline
Ibudilast

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9
Q

Under the group antiarrythmic drugs, what are the four (4) classifications?

A

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4

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10
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class are membrane stabilizers?

A

Class 1

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11
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class are beta-adrenergic blockers?

A

Class 2

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12
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class inhibits norepinephrine release?

A

Class 3

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13
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class blocks entry of calcium?

A

Class 4

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14
Q

What examples under Class 1 antiarrythmic drugs? (11) QPDLPTMELFP

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide
Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Tocainide
Mexiletin
Encanide
Lorcainide
Flecainide
Propafenone

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15
Q

What examples under Class 2 antiarrythmic drugs? (4) PTAP

A

Propanolol
Timolol
Alprenolol
Pindolol

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16
Q

What examples under Class 3 antiarrythmic drugs? (3) BSA

A

Bretylium
Sotalol
Amiodarone

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17
Q

What examples under Class 4 antiarrythmic drugs? (3) VND

A

Verapamil
Nifedipine
Diltiazem

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18
Q

Drugs under antiarrythmics that are of veterinary importance (5) QPPLP

A

Quinidine
Phenytoin
Propanolol
Lidocaine
Procainamide

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19
Q

What are the electrophysiologic properties of the heart which are affected by digitalis glycosides? (4) ACER

A

Automaticity
Conduction
Excitability
Refractoriness

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20
Q

What are the cardiac regions of the heart that exhibits electrophysiologic properties? SAPAAVAV

A

SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers
AV juntional tissues
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle

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21
Q

These drugs increases the strength of cardiac muscle contraction by increasing the quantity of intracellualr calcium available for binding with muscle proteins.

A

Positive inotropes

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22
Q

What is the MOA of postive inotropes?

A

-increases intracellular calcium
-alters the Sodium-Calcium exchange pump an
-increases production of cyclic adenosine monnophosphate (cAMP) because stimulation of adenylate cyclase
-decreases degradation of cAMP via inhibition of phosphodiesterases

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23
Q

What is the MOA of cadiac glycosides?

A

-inhibits membrane-bound sodium-potassium-ATPase pump
-increase calcium in the cell, increase sodium-calcium exchange
-increase release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-increased contractility of the cardiac muscle
-increases automaticity and cardiac arrythmias

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24
Q

An effect by the digitals drugs where there is decreased conduction velocity in the AV node

A

Negative chronotropic effect

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25
How does digitalis drugs provide a negative chronotropic effect?
-Potentiation of the vagal (cholinergic) activity of the heart -Changes the conduction of the heart which might result in AV nodal blockade -at toxic level, increase acetylcholine sensitivity which may directly slow sinus nodal activity
26
What are the general clinical uses of digitalis drugs? (2)
-Congestive heart failure (circulation restoration) -Supraventricular tachyarrythmias (slow down ventricular rate)
27
What are the general clinical uses of digoxin drugs?
Same with digitalis, but not prefered with animals with renal disease
28
What are the drugs under beta-adrenergic agonists? (4) DDEI
Dopamine Dobutamine Epinephrine Isoproterenol
29
What are the drugs under beta-adrenergic agonists? (4) DDEI
Dopamine Dobutamine Epinephrine Isoproterenol
30
What is the main mode of action of Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol?
Effects on beta-adrenergic receptors
31
Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drugs are synthetic?
Dobutamine Isoproterenol
32
Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drug is endogenous?
Dopamine
33
Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drug can either be endogenous or synthetic?
Epinephrine
34
As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of dopamine mode of action?
Selective beta-1 activity
35
What are the indications of Dopamine? (3)
Cardiogenic shock Endotoxic shock Oliguria
36
What may occur if you use Dopamine?
Cardiac arrythmias
37
As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Dobutamine mode of action?
Minimal beta-1 activity
38
What is the indications of Dobutamine?
Short-term therapy for refractory chronic heart failure
39
What may occur if you use Dobutamine? (3)
More effective positive inoptrope than dopamine Less chronotropic effect Absent dilatation of renal vascular bed
40
As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Epinephrine mode of action?
Greatest increase in rate of energy usage Greatest increase in myocardial oxygen demand Rapidly metabolized in GIT (PO no go)
41
What are the indications of Epinephrine? (s)
Cardiac arrest Anaphylactic shock
42
As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Isoproterenol mode of action?
Non-specific beta-agonist Affects beta-1 and/or beta-2
43
What are the indications of Isoproterenol?
Short-term bradyarrhythmia therapy Short-term AV block therapy
44
What is the mode of action of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
Blocks breakdown of cAMP Increases intracellular cAMP concentrations Increases myocaridal contractility
45
What is the mode of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?
Inhibits formation of angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1 Inhibits vasoconstriction Reduces sodium and water retention Reduces cardiac (arterioles) preload and afterload (veins)
46
What are the indications of ACE inhibitors?
Chronic congestive heart failure treatment
47
What are the drugs that are vasoactive dilators? (5) HANNP
Hydralazine Amlodipine Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside Prazosin
48
What are the two (2) catergories of vasoactive drugs?
Afterload reducer (Dilates arterioles ) Preload reducer (Dilates veins)
49
Under vasoactive drugs, what drugs are arterial dilators? (2)
Hydralazine Amlodipine besylate
50
Hydrazaline and Amlodipine are vasoactive drugs that dilates the arterioles. What is their MOA?
Inhibits calcium fluxes into the cell Increases local prostacyclin concentrations Decreases peripheral vascular resistance Absent decrease of myocardial contractility
51
Under vasoactive drugs, what drugs are arterial and venous dilators? (2)
Nitrogycerin Nitroprusside Prazosin
52
What is the indications of nitrogylcerin?
Acute congestive heart failure treatment with fulminant pulmonary edema
53
What is the indications of nitroprusside?
Lowers blood pressure Severe congestive heart failure Most potent vasodilator. May cause unwanted hypotension.
54
What is the MOA of prazosin?
alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker Afterload reducer Preload reducer PO, tolerance is of concern May undergo first-pass metabolism
55
Class 1 antiarrhythmics are further subdivided into? (3)
1A 1B 1C
56
Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1A do to conduction and repolarization?
Slow conduction Prolong repolarization
57
What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1A?
Quinidine Procainamide Disopyramide
58
Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1B to conduction and repolarization?
Slow conduction Shorten repolarization
59
What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1B?
Lidocaine Tocainide Mexiletine Phenytoin
60
Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1C to conduction and repolarization?
Prolong conduction Little or no effect on repolarization
61
What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1C?
Encainide Flecainide Propafenone
62
Generally, what is the MOA of antiarrhythmic class 1 drugs?
Selectively blocks fast sodium channels Depressing phase 0 of the action potential Decreases conduction velocity Causes local anesthesia
63
Of the two(2) drugs under class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs, which one is a selective beta-1 selective blocking agent (affects only beta-1 adrenergic receptors)?
Atenolol
64
Of the two(2) drugs under class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs, which one is only a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (affects beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors)?
Propranolol
65
What are the indications of Atenolol? (3) SSH
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Systemic hypertension Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
66
What is the MOA of class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs?
Block cardiac tissue potassium channels Prolong cardiac action potential Prolong refractory period

4 Reviewer A - Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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