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4 Reviewer A - Veterinary Pharmacology > Veterinary Pharma - Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular drugs > Flashcards

Veterinary Pharma - Clinical Pharmacology Cardiovascular drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular drugs are mainly grouped into? (5) CAPVA

A

Cardiac glycosides/digital glycosides
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors
Vasoactive drugs
Antiarrhythmics

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2
Q

Under the group cardiac/digitalis glycosides, what are the two (2) subgroups of drugs?

A

Digoxins
Digitalis

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3
Q

Under the group angiotensin-converting enzyme/ACE inhibitors), what are the drugs? (3) CBE

A

Captopril
Benazepril
Enalapril

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4
Q

Under the group phosphodiesterase enzyme/PDE inhibitors), what are the four (4) subgroups?

A

PDE-3 inhibitors
PDE-4 inhibitors
PDE-5 inhibitors
Non-specific PDE inhibitors

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5
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, what are the drugs under PDE 3 inhibitors? (4) CDMA

A

Cilostazol
Dipyridamole
Milrinone
Amrinone

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6
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under PDE 4 inhibitors? (3) RPC

A

Roflumilast
Premilast
Crisaborole

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7
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under PDE 5 inhibitors? (4)

A

Sildenafil
Tadalafil
Vardenafil
Avanafil.

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8
Q

Of the group phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitors, are the drugs under non-specific PDE inhibitors? (2)

A

Theophylline
Ibudilast

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9
Q

Under the group antiarrythmic drugs, what are the four (4) classifications?

A

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4

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10
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class are membrane stabilizers?

A

Class 1

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11
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class are beta-adrenergic blockers?

A

Class 2

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12
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class inhibits norepinephrine release?

A

Class 3

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13
Q

Of the four classes of antiarrythmic drugs, which class blocks entry of calcium?

A

Class 4

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14
Q

What examples under Class 1 antiarrythmic drugs? (11) QPDLPTMELFP

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide
Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Tocainide
Mexiletin
Encanide
Lorcainide
Flecainide
Propafenone

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15
Q

What examples under Class 2 antiarrythmic drugs? (4) PTAP

A

Propanolol
Timolol
Alprenolol
Pindolol

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16
Q

What examples under Class 3 antiarrythmic drugs? (3) BSA

A

Bretylium
Sotalol
Amiodarone

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17
Q

What examples under Class 4 antiarrythmic drugs? (3) VND

A

Verapamil
Nifedipine
Diltiazem

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18
Q

Drugs under antiarrythmics that are of veterinary importance (5) QPPLP

A

Quinidine
Phenytoin
Propanolol
Lidocaine
Procainamide

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19
Q

What are the electrophysiologic properties of the heart which are affected by digitalis glycosides? (4) ACER

A

Automaticity
Conduction
Excitability
Refractoriness

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20
Q

What are the cardiac regions of the heart that exhibits electrophysiologic properties? SAPAAVAV

A

SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers
AV juntional tissues
Atrium
Ventricle
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle

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21
Q

These drugs increases the strength of cardiac muscle contraction by increasing the quantity of intracellualr calcium available for binding with muscle proteins.

A

Positive inotropes

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22
Q

What is the MOA of postive inotropes?

A

-increases intracellular calcium
-alters the Sodium-Calcium exchange pump an
-increases production of cyclic adenosine monnophosphate (cAMP) because stimulation of adenylate cyclase
-decreases degradation of cAMP via inhibition of phosphodiesterases

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23
Q

What is the MOA of cadiac glycosides?

A

-inhibits membrane-bound sodium-potassium-ATPase pump
-increase calcium in the cell, increase sodium-calcium exchange
-increase release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-increased contractility of the cardiac muscle
-increases automaticity and cardiac arrythmias

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24
Q

An effect by the digitals drugs where there is decreased conduction velocity in the AV node

A

Negative chronotropic effect

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25
Q

How does digitalis drugs provide a negative chronotropic effect?

A

-Potentiation of the vagal (cholinergic) activity of the heart
-Changes the conduction of the heart which might result in AV nodal blockade
-at toxic level, increase acetylcholine sensitivity which may directly slow sinus nodal activity

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26
Q

What are the general clinical uses of digitalis drugs? (2)

A

-Congestive heart failure (circulation restoration)
-Supraventricular tachyarrythmias (slow down ventricular rate)

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27
Q

What are the general clinical uses of digoxin drugs?

A

Same with digitalis, but not prefered with animals with renal disease

28
Q

What are the drugs under beta-adrenergic agonists? (4) DDEI

A

Dopamine
Dobutamine
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol

29
Q

What are the drugs under beta-adrenergic agonists? (4) DDEI

A

Dopamine
Dobutamine
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol

30
Q

What is the main mode of action of Dopamine, Dobutamine, Epinephrine, and Isoproterenol?

A

Effects on beta-adrenergic receptors

31
Q

Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drugs are synthetic?

A

Dobutamine
Isoproterenol

32
Q

Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drug is endogenous?

A

Dopamine

33
Q

Of the beta-adrenergic agonist, which drug can either be endogenous or synthetic?

A

Epinephrine

34
Q

As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of dopamine mode of action?

A

Selective beta-1 activity

35
Q

What are the indications of Dopamine? (3)

A

Cardiogenic shock
Endotoxic shock
Oliguria

36
Q

What may occur if you use Dopamine?

A

Cardiac arrythmias

37
Q

As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Dobutamine mode of action?

A

Minimal beta-1 activity

38
Q

What is the indications of Dobutamine?

A

Short-term therapy for refractory chronic heart failure

39
Q

What may occur if you use Dobutamine? (3)

A

More effective positive inoptrope than dopamine
Less chronotropic effect
Absent dilatation of renal vascular bed

40
Q

As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Epinephrine mode of action?

A

Greatest increase in rate of energy usage
Greatest increase in myocardial oxygen demand
Rapidly metabolized in GIT (PO no go)

41
Q

What are the indications of Epinephrine? (s)

A

Cardiac arrest
Anaphylactic shock

42
Q

As beta-adrenergic substance, what is the main action of Isoproterenol mode of action?

A

Non-specific beta-agonist

Affects beta-1 and/or beta-2

43
Q

What are the indications of Isoproterenol?

A

Short-term bradyarrhythmia therapy
Short-term AV block therapy

44
Q

What is the mode of action of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

Blocks breakdown of cAMP
Increases intracellular cAMP concentrations
Increases myocaridal contractility

45
Q

What is the mode of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?

A

Inhibits formation of angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1
Inhibits vasoconstriction
Reduces sodium and water retention
Reduces cardiac (arterioles) preload and afterload (veins)

46
Q

What are the indications of ACE inhibitors?

A

Chronic congestive heart failure treatment

47
Q

What are the drugs that are vasoactive dilators? (5) HANNP

A

Hydralazine
Amlodipine
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
Prazosin

48
Q

What are the two (2) catergories of vasoactive drugs?

A

Afterload reducer (Dilates arterioles )
Preload reducer (Dilates veins)

49
Q

Under vasoactive drugs, what drugs are arterial dilators? (2)

A

Hydralazine
Amlodipine besylate

50
Q

Hydrazaline and Amlodipine are vasoactive drugs that dilates the arterioles. What is their MOA?

A

Inhibits calcium fluxes into the cell
Increases local prostacyclin concentrations
Decreases peripheral vascular resistance
Absent decrease of myocardial contractility

51
Q

Under vasoactive drugs, what drugs are arterial and venous dilators? (2)

A

Nitrogycerin
Nitroprusside
Prazosin

52
Q

What is the indications of nitrogylcerin?

A

Acute congestive heart failure treatment with fulminant pulmonary edema

53
Q

What is the indications of nitroprusside?

A

Lowers blood pressure
Severe congestive heart failure

Most potent vasodilator. May cause unwanted hypotension.

54
Q

What is the MOA of prazosin?

A

alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker
Afterload reducer
Preload reducer
PO, tolerance is of concern
May undergo first-pass metabolism

55
Q

Class 1 antiarrhythmics are further subdivided into? (3)

A

1A
1B
1C

56
Q

Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1A do to conduction and repolarization?

A

Slow conduction
Prolong repolarization

57
Q

What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1A?

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Disopyramide

58
Q

Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1B to conduction and repolarization?

A

Slow conduction
Shorten repolarization

59
Q

What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1B?

A

Lidocaine
Tocainide
Mexiletine
Phenytoin

60
Q

Of the two subdivisions of class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs, what is does 1C to conduction and repolarization?

A

Prolong conduction
Little or no effect on repolarization

61
Q

What are drugs under antiarrhythmic Class 1C?

A

Encainide
Flecainide
Propafenone

62
Q

Generally, what is the MOA of antiarrhythmic class 1 drugs?

A

Selectively blocks fast sodium channels
Depressing phase 0 of the action potential
Decreases conduction velocity
Causes local anesthesia

63
Q

Of the two(2) drugs under class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs, which one is a selective beta-1 selective blocking agent (affects only beta-1 adrenergic receptors)?

A

Atenolol

64
Q

Of the two(2) drugs under class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs, which one is only a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (affects beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors)?

A

Propranolol

65
Q

What are the indications of Atenolol? (3) SSH

A

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Systemic hypertension
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

66
Q

What is the MOA of class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs?

A

Block cardiac tissue potassium channels
Prolong cardiac action potential
Prolong refractory period

4 Reviewer A - Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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