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Neuro final > Vestibular system > Flashcards

Vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the location and function of the peripheral receptor apparatus

A

located in the inner ear

transduction of head motion and position

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2
Q

what is the location and function of the central vestibular nuclei

A

located in brainstem

integration/distribution of motor and spatial information

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3
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocular network

A

control of eye movements

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4
Q

what is the function of the vestibulospinal network

A

coordination of head movements, axial ms and postural reflexes

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5
Q

what is the function of the vestibulothalamocortical network

A

perception of movement and spatial orientation

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6
Q

where are vestibular receptors found

A

membranous labyrinth

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7
Q

where is perilymph found

A

in the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths

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8
Q

where is endolymph found

A

within the membranous labyrinth

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9
Q

what structure senses rotational head movements

A

semicircular canals (aka ampulla)

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10
Q

what structure senses translational head movements

A

otolith organs

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11
Q

what innervates the receptor cells of the vestibular organs

A

afferent fibers of the vestibular ganglion

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12
Q

what two arteries supply the labyrinth

A 
labyrinthine artery (primary)
stylomastoid artery
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13
Q

the labyrinthine artery is a branch of what

A

AICA

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14
Q

what are the sxs of interrupted blood supply to the labyrinth

A

vertigo
nystagmus
unstable gait

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15
Q

where are sensory receptors for the semicircular canals found

A

base of each ampulla

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16
Q

how are receptors in the utricle oriented vs in the saccule

A

along the base of the utricle

along medial wall of the sacule

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17
Q

what is the ductus reuniens

A

a duct connecting the saccule to the cochlea

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18
Q

what is the cause of meniere’s dz

A

disruption of normal endolymph volume => distention of membranous labyrinth

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19
Q

what are the sxs of menieres dz

A 
occurs in unpredictable attacks of:
fluctuating hearing loss
vertigo
positional nystagmus
n/v
tinnitus
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20
Q

how do you treat menieres dz

A

diuretic, salt restrictive diet

shunt into endolymphatic sac

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21
Q

what is a kinocilium

A

a single longer cilia found on a hair cell

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22
Q

how are type I hair cells characterized

A

chalice shaped

surrounded by nerve calyx

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23
Q

how are type II hair cells characterized

A

cylindrical

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24
Q

where are the cell bodies that control hair cell sensitivity via vestibular efferents

A

rostral to vestibular nuclei

lateral to abducens nucleus

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25
Q

what CN activates the cell bodies that control hair cell sensitivity via vestibular efferents

A

V

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26
Q

how are hair cells organized in the ampulla

A

embedded in crista
type I in the center
type II in periphery

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27
Q

how are rotational head movement detected

A

endolymph is displaced => cupula and stereocilia displaced

28
Q

what is the cupula

A

gelatinous structure enveloping the ampulla

29
Q

what is the otolith memrane

A

a gelatinous coating in the macula which hair cell stereocilia extend into

30
Q

what is otoconia

A

calcium carbonate crystals covering the otolith membrane in the macula

31
Q

what role do otoconia play in sensation of linear acceleration

A

they are displaced in respose to linear acceleration => bend underlying hair cell stereocilia

32
Q

where do primary afferents of the vestibular nuclei enter the brainstem

A

pontomedullary jxn

33
Q

to what nuclei do afferents from the ampulla project

A

superior and medial vestibular nuclei

34
Q

to what nuclei do afferents from the maculae project

A

lateral, medial and inferior vestibular nuclei

35
Q

to what nuclei do afferents from the saccule project

A

contralateral oculomotor nucleus => infulence vertical eye movements

36
Q

to what cerebellar nuclei do the vestibular nuclei send afferents

A

dentate and fastigial nuclei

37
Q

what do vestibulovestibular fibers do

A

arise from vestibular nuclei and form connections with analogous contralateral nucleus

38
Q

what do spinovestibular fibers do

A

arise from all levels of SC => provide proprioceptive input to medial and lateral vestibular nuclei

39
Q

what does the vestibuloocular reflex do

A

stabilize eye movements, allowing you to keep fixed gaze when head is moving

40
Q

vertical eye movements are controlled by what vestibular structures

A

vertical semicircular canals and saccule

41
Q

horizontal eye movements are controlled by what vestibular structures

A

horizontal canals and utricle

42
Q

torsional eye movements are controlled by what vestibular structures

A

vertical semicircular canals and utricle

43
Q

a leftward head turn stimulates the left vestibular nuclei to facilitate contraction of what two muscles

A

right lateral rectus

left medial rectus

44
Q

what reflex elicits oppositely directed vertical eye movements when walking or running (to stabilize gaze)

A

linear vestibuloocular reflex

45
Q

cold water in the external auditory canal should cause what

A

nystagmus beating away from ear w/ water
(COWS: cold water/opposite
warm water/same)

46
Q

in what nuclei are neurons of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei

47
Q

where do LVST fibers project

A

to all levels of ipsilateral SC via lateral medulla and anterior funiculus

48
Q

where do LVST fibers terminate

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons and interneurons in laminae VII-IX

49
Q

what is the function of the vestibulospinal network

A

influence of muscle tone and reflexive postural adjustments

50
Q

in what nuclei are neurons of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A

medial vestibular nucleus

lesser from inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei

51
Q

where do MVST fibers project

A

bilaterally through medial longitudinal fasciculus of the cervical SC

52
Q

where do MVST fibers terminate

A

laminae VII-IX of the cervical SC

53
Q

what is the function of the MVST

A

stabilization of the neck (AKA vestibulocolic reflex)

54
Q

what two areas of the primary somatosensory cortex receive vestibular signals

A

2v and 3a

55
Q

what does vestibular stimulation of area 2v do

A

produce sensation of whole body motion

56
Q

what does vestibular stimulation of area 3a do

A

integrate motor control of head and body

57
Q

what does vestibular stimulation of area 7 of the parietal cortex do

A

integrate cues of body motion in space (aka spatial awareness)

58
Q

what does vestibular stimulation of the lateral sulcus and PIVC (parietoinsularvestibular cortex) do

A

respond to body motion, somatosensory and visual stimuli

59
Q

what does vestibular stimulation of the prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus do

A

controls smooth pursuit eye movements and saccades

60
Q

what is subjective vertigo

A

pt experiences sensation of spinning while surroundings are not moving

61
Q

what is objective vertigo

A

sensation of objects spinning while patient is not moving

-pt will have nystagmus in opposite direction of rotation

62
Q

what is the most accepted explanation for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

otoconia become lodged in cupula of semicircular canal (cupulolithiasis)
=> abnormal cupula deflection when head changes postion

63
Q

where are vestibular schwannomas typically located

A

cerebellopontine angle

64
Q

what structures are impinged by a vestibular schwannoma

A

those traveling in the internal acoustic meatus

  • CN VII and VIII
  • labyrinthine a
65
Q

how do patients with a vestibular schwannoma usually present

A

with hearing loss, tinnitus and unstable gait

66
Q

what are the sxs of vestibular neuritis

A

severe vertigo
n/v
no hearing loss/CNS deficits

Neuro final (16 decks)

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