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Neuro final > auditory & vestibular physiology > Flashcards

auditory & vestibular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what fluid bathes the apical end of hair cells

A

endolymph

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2
Q

what is the ionic makeup of endolymph

A

high K

low Na

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3
Q

what is the ionic makeup of perilymph

A

low K

high Na

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4
Q

what fluid bathes the basal end of hair cells

A

perilymph

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5
Q

where is endolymph found within the cochlea

A

scala media

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6
Q

where is perilymph found within the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

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7
Q

axons of the spiral ganglion project to the brainstem via what nerve

A

auditory nerve (aka cochlear branch of CN VIII)

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8
Q

where do higher frequency sounds maximally displace the basilar membrane

A

at the base

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9
Q

near the helicotrema, do higher or lower frequency sounds maximally displace the basilar membrane

A

low frequency

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10
Q

near the oval window, do higher or lower frequency sounds maximally displace the basilar membrane

A

higher frequency

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11
Q

where is the basilar membrane narrow and stiff

A

at the base, near the oval window

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12
Q

where is the basilar membrane wide and flexible

A

at the apical end, near the helicotrema

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13
Q

what kind of cells are hair cells

A

mechanoreceptors (specialized epithelial cells)

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14
Q

what fluid are the cilia of the hair cells bathed in

A

endolymph

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15
Q

what drives potassium into the hair cell

A 
potassium concentration gradient (low K at the basal side of the hair cell)
electrical gradient (high positive charge within scala media)
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16
Q

what does the potassium influx of the hair cell cause

A

depolarization of the cell => opening of voltage gated Ca channels

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17
Q

what does the calcium influx of the hair cell cause

A

realease of glutamate to afferent n. => spiral ganglion

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18
Q

what occurs following deflection of hair cell cilia TOWARDS the kinocilium

A

depolarization

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19
Q

what occurs following deflection of cilia AWAY FROM the kinocilium

A

hyperpolarization

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20
Q

through what channels does K enter the hair cells

A

TRPA1

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21
Q

what causes TRPA1 channels to open

A

when cilia deflects toward kinocilium, chain of proteins open TRPA1

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22
Q

what structure maintains electrochemical properties of endolymph

A

stria vascularis

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23
Q

what do inner hair cells do and how are they arranged

A

primary source of auditory information

arranged in one row along cochlear spiral

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24
Q

what do outer hair cells do and how are they arranged

A

act as an amplifier - boost or dampen mechanical vibrations of basilar membrane
arranged in three rows along cochlear spiral

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25
Q

from where do hair cells receive efferent innervation

A

superior olivary complex

26
Q

from where do hair cells produce afferent innervation

A

spiral ganglion

27
Q

what are type II afferent neurons

A

single afferent from many outer hair cells => brainstem

28
Q

what are type I afferent neurons

A

neurons from one or more inner hair cells => brainstem

29
Q

what happens after sound hits the stapes?

A

pressure within scala vestibuli falls below that of scala tympani

30
Q

what happens as a result of decreased pressure in the scala vestibuli

A

basilar membrane bows upward => organ of corti shears toward hinge or tectorial membrane

31
Q

what protein facilitates contractile activity of outer hair cells

A

prestin

32
Q

what occurs as a result of shearing of the organ of corti

A

cilia of over hair cells tilt toward kinocilium => K+ channels open and cell depolarizes

33
Q

what occurs as a result of depolarization of outer hair cells

A

contraction of prestin protein => accentuated upward movement of basilar membrane, making waves in endolymph

34
Q

what occurs as a result of waves in the endolymph hitting the tectorial membrane

A

inner hair cells bend toward kinocilium, TRPA1 channels open => => glutamate released

35
Q

what is the first site within the brainstem where information from both ears converges

A

superior olivary complex

36
Q

what nucleus generates a map of interaural time differences and why

A

medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO)

helps w/ localization

37
Q

what nucleus generates a map of interaural intensity differences and why

A

lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO)

helps w/ localization

38
Q

how does the inferior colliculus perform horizontal localization

A

by suppressing information relating to echoes

39
Q

what occurs at the superior colliculus within the auditory pathway

A

vertical height is added to the information received from inferior colliculus, creating a spatial map of sound location

40
Q

which part of the primary auditory cortex is activated by low frequency sounds

A

more rostral (anterior) areas

41
Q

which part of the primary auditory cortex is activated by signals from the base of the cochlea

A

more caudal (posterior) areas

42
Q

what are the three sources of efferent input to the auditory system

A
  • olivocochlear efferents
  • middle ear muscle motor neurons
  • autonomic innervation of inner ear
43
Q

between what structures do medial olivocochlear efferent travel

A

superior olivary complex => OUTER hair cells

44
Q

between what structures do lateral olivocochlear efferent travel

A

superior olivary complex => inner hair cells

45
Q

what is the function of olivocochlear efferents

A

shifts responses to higher sound levels and reduces response to noise

46
Q

what is the function of middle ear efferents

A

prevent damage by decreasing transmission of loud sounds

47
Q

what are the two middle ear efferents and from what CNs do they arise

A

tensor tympani from CN V

stapedius from CN VII

48
Q

in what situations are otoacoustic emissions seen

A

evoked OAE are normal in people without hearing loss

49
Q

what is measurement of OAE used for

A
  • newborn hearing screen
  • evaluation of tinnitis
  • evaluation of possible ototoxicity
50
Q

are outer or inner hair cells more susceptible to damage

A

outer hair cells

51
Q

what is the result of injury to inner hair cells

A

cuts off auditory input to CNS

52
Q

how do cochlear prostheses work

A

electrodes in cochlead stimulate nerve fibers

53
Q

what sensation do the semicircular canals detect

A

rotation

54
Q

what sensation does the utricle detect

A

linear acceleration forward and backward

55
Q

what sensation does the saccule detect

A

linear acceleration up and down

56
Q

which semicircular canal best detects rotation in the vertical plane BACKWARDS

A

posterior semicircular canal

57
Q

which semicircular canal best detects FORWARD rotation in the vertical plane

A

anterior semicircular canal

58
Q

what muscles are active/inhibited when you fall forward

A

active: superior rectus
inhibitied: inferior rectus
eyes move UP

59
Q

what muscles are active/inhibited when you fall backward

A

active: superior oblique
inhibited: inferior obligue
eyes move DOWN

60
Q

what muscles are active/inhibited in the eye ipsilateral to rotation when spinning

A

active: medial rectus
inhibited: lateral rectus
contralateral eye does the opposite

61
Q

what fluid surrounds the vestibular apparatus

A

perilymph

Neuro final (16 decks)

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