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Spinal Anatomy > Vertebral Column/ Spinal Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column/ Spinal Column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

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2
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

A

26 segments

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3
Q

What constitutes the spine?

A

24 presacral segments

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

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4
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?

A

5 segments

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5
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?

A

4 segments

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6
Q

Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Two-toed sloth
Manatee
Ant bear
Three-toed sloth

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7
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Ant bear

Three-toed sloth

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8
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Manatee

Two-toed sloth

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9
Q

What does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

Region of the neck

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10
Q

What does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

Breast plate or chest

Referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

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11
Q

What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

Dorsal segments

Dorsals

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12
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?

A

12 segments

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13
Q

What does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

The loin

Region between the rib and hip

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14
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?

A

5 segments

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15
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

Holy bone or holy region

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16
Q

What does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

Cuckoo bird’s bill or beak

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17
Q

What is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

About 70 centimeters or 28 inches

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18
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

About 60 centimeters or 25 inches

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19
Q

What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

About 3 inches

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20
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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21
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

About 28 centimeters or 11 inches

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22
Q

What is the length of a male lumbar region (both measurements)?

A

About 18 centimeters or 7 inches

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23
Q

What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?

A

About 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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24
Q

Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?

A

About 58 centimeters or 23 inches

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25
Q

What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?

A

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

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26
Q

What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?

A

Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral discs

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27
Q

What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?

A

The eye

Vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

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28
Q

When does the embryonic disc form?

A

Second week in utero

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29
Q

When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?

A

Third week in utero

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30
Q

Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

A

Notochord

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31
Q

What is the name given tot he mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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32
Q

What embryonic structure gives rise tot he somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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33
Q

Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite?

A

Sclerotome
Mytome
Dermatome

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34
Q

What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?

A

Membranous
Cartilaginous
Skeletal or osseous

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35
Q

Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

A

Perichordal blastema

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36
Q

The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?

A

Neural processes

Costal processes

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37
Q

What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?

A

Intersegmental artery

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38
Q

What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

A

Intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

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39
Q

The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?

A

Perichordal disc

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40
Q

The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?

A

Vertebral blastema

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41
Q

What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?

A

Segmental artery

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42
Q

When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?

A

Beginning in the 6th embryonic week

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43
Q

What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

A

Chondrification

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44
Q

What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?

A

Centrum center
Neural arch center
Transverse process center

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45
Q

How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

A

Six: 2 form centrum, 2 for neural arches, 2 for each transverse process

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46
Q

What is the earliest that the centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebrae?

A

During the 7th embryonic week

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47
Q

What is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers appear in utero

Secondary centers appear after birth

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48
Q

What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

3 primary centers: 5 secondary

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49
Q

What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

Centrum centers

Neural arch centers

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50
Q

What are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

Tip of the transverse process
Tip of the spinous prcocess
Epiphyseal plate centers

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51
Q

What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebrae?

A

During puberty (typically 11-16 years old)

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52
Q

What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebrae?

A

Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Apophyseal regions

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53
Q

What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

A 
Cervical = rectangular
Thoracic = triangular
Lumbar = reniform
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54
Q

What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

A

Superior epiphyseal rim

Inferior epiphyseal rim

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55
Q

What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?

A

Superior epiphyseal plate

Inferior epiphyseal plate

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56
Q

What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?

A

Nutrient foramina or vascular foramina

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57
Q

What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

A

Basivertebral venous foramen

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58
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

Pedicle

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59
Q

What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?

A

Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

60
Q

What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

A 
Cervical = posterolateral
Thoracic = posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar = posterior
61
Q

All lamina are oriented in what direction?

A

Posterior and median

62
Q

What ligament will attach to the lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum

63
Q

What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

A

Para-articular process

64
Q

What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

A

Accessory bone

65
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of laminae on x-ray?

A

Shingling

66
Q

What is the name given to the lamina-pedicle junction at each region of the spine?

A

Cervical = articular pillar

Thoracic and lumbar = pars interarticularis

67
Q

What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral x-ray?

A

Spinolaminar junction

68
Q

What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?

A

Apophyseal regions

69
Q

What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?

A

Transverse apophysis or transverse process
Articular apophysis or articular process
Spinous apophysis or spinous process

70
Q

What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?

A 
Cervical = anterolateral
Thoracic = posterolateral
Lumbar = lateral
71
Q

All non-rib bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent structure?

A

Costal element

72
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?

A

Transverse tubercle

73
Q

What will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?

A

Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse processes to accommodate their new position

74
Q

What will cause the transverse processes/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

A

Growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward

75
Q

What will the articular process/ articular apophysis support?

A

The articular facet

76
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?

A

Zygapophysis

77
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?

A

Superior articular facet

78
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular facet

79
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapophysis?

A

Superior articular apophysis
Superior articular process
Pre-zygapophysis

80
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the back the zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular apophysis
Inferior articular process
Post-zygaophysis

81
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?

A

Superior articular process or superior articular apaophysis

82
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular process or inferior articular apaophysis

83
Q

What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

Inferior articular process/ post-zygapophysis
Superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis
Capsular ligament
Ligamentum flavum

84
Q

What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

85
Q

What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral incisure?

A

Superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

86
Q

What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral body of the segment above
Vertebral body of the segment below
Intervertebral disc
Posterior longitudinal ligament

87
Q

What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?

A

Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of a spinous process and the horizontal plate

88
Q

What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes/ spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?

A

Imbrication

89
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?

A

Spinous tubercle

90
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?

A 
Cervical = slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic = noticeable angle inferiorly 
Lumbar = no inferior angle
91
Q

What is the typical shape/ outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/ vertebral column?

A 
Cervical = triangular
Thoracic = oval
Lumbar = triangular
Sacrum = triangular
92
Q

At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?

A

L1

93
Q

At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?

A

S2

94
Q

What are the segmental arteries?

A

Arteries whose branches supply the vertebra or segment

95
Q

Identify the segmental arteries.

A 
Vertebral
Ascending cervical
Deep cervical
Superior (highest) intercostal
Posterior intercostal
Subcostal
LumbarI
liolumbar
Lateral sacral
Medial (middle) sacral
96
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?

A

Vertebral artery
Ascending cervical artery
Deep cervical artery

97
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?

A

Deep cervical artery
Superior (highest) intercostal artery
Posterior intercostal artery
Subcostal artery

98
Q

What are the semental arteries of the lumbar spine?

A

Lumbar arteries
Iliolumbar artiery
Lateral sacral artery
Median (middle) sacral artery

99
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?

A

C1-C6

100
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?

A

C1-C6

101
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?

A

C7-T1

102
Q

What segmenal levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?

A

T1-T2

103
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?

A

T3-T11

104
Q

What segmental level(s) is/are supplied by the subcostal artery?

A

T12

105
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?

A

L1-L4

106
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

107
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

108
Q

Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?

A

Osseous arteries
Anterior spinal canal artery
Posterior spinal canal artery

109
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery

Plexus

110
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery

Plexus

111
Q

Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?

A

Anterior radicular artery
Posterior radicular artery
Anterior medullary feeder artery
Posterior medullary feeder artery

112
Q

Which vessel will supply the ventral/ anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?

A

Anterior radicular artery

113
Q

Which vessel will supply the dorsal/ posterior nerve rootlet and nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular artery

114
Q

What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

A

Anterior spinal artery

115
Q

The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Vertebral artery

116
Q

Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

No

117
Q

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

Anterior medullary feeder arteries

118
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

119
Q

Which is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

A

It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

120
Q

Is the posteior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

No

121
Q

As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite long its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

Posterior medullary feeder arteries

122
Q

What changes to the arterial vasa corona occur between C3 and C6?

A

Right and left anterior spinal arteries fuse to become a single median anterior spinal artery, the right and left posterior spinal arteries are unchanged, and the 4 communicating arteries are reduced to 3 communicating arteries

123
Q

What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter the most of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral/cenral/sulcal perforating arteries

124
Q

What intermedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?

A

Pial perforating arteries

125
Q

What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?

A

Anterior medullary feeders

Posterior medullary feeders

126
Q

What vessels drain the spinal cord?

A

Pial veins

127
Q

Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?

A

Anterior medullary veins

Posterior medullary veins

128
Q

Which vessels will drain the ventral/ anterior nerve roots?

A

Anterior radicular veins

129
Q

Which vessels will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve roots?

A

Posterior radicular veins

130
Q

What vessel will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular veins

131
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

132
Q

What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?

A 
Pial veins
Venous vasa corona
Anterior longitudinal veins
Posterior longitudinal veins
Communicating veins
Anterior medullary veins
Posterior medullary veins
Anterior radicular veins
Posterior radicular veins
133
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus

Basivertebral vein

134
Q

What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?

A

Intervertebral veins

135
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.

A

Dura mater = tough mother
Arachnoid mater = spider mother
Pia mater = tender or delicate mother

136
Q

Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medullaspinalis).

A

Epidural space = between the vertebral foramen and the dura mater
Subdural space = between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space = between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

137
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?

A

Interstitial fluid

138
Q

What are the contents of the epidural space?

A

Anterior & posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior &posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament

139
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments

140
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal nerve
Hofmann/ meningealvertebral ligaments

141
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Ligamentum flavum

142
Q

What contents of the subarachnoid space are changed below the level C6?

A

Arterial vasa corona consists of 1 anterior spinal artery, 2 posterior spinal arteries, 3 communicating arteries

143
Q

What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

144
Q

What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

A

Dentate (denticulate) ligament

145
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal cord?

A

They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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