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Spinal Anatomy > Sacrum & Coccyx > Flashcards

Sacrum & Coccyx Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

Anterior 2/3

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2
Q

The costal element and true transverse process of sacrum unite to form what feature?

A

Sacral ala

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3
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the first sacral vertebral body?

A

4

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4
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segments?

A

5

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5
Q

What muscle may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

Psoas major

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6
Q

What is the reported angulation of the first sacral articular facets?

A

Lie vertically in the coronal plane

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7
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

Lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

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8
Q

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

A

Backward, upward, medial (BUM)

Typically concave

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9
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?

A

Mammillary process

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10
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

Transverse ridges

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11
Q

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the _____.

A

Median sacral crest

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12
Q

What forms the median sacal crest

A

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

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13
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process i elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

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14
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

A

Intermediate sacral crest

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15
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

Fused articular processes and their facets

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16
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

Mammillary process of S1

Sacral cornu of S5

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17
Q

What is the remnant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?

A

Sacral cornu

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18
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

Sacral hiatus

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19
Q

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

A

Fused transverse processes

Transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

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20
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

Enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

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21
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

Accessory sacro-iliac joint

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22
Q

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of the sacrum?

A

Iliacus

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23
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

Auricular surface

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24
Q

What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?

A

Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

25
Q

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

A

Sacral promontory

26
Q

What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

27
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?

A

4

28
Q

What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

29
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Intercornual ligament

30
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral body S5
vertebral body Co1
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Intervertebral disc

31
Q

What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

32
Q

What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

33
Q

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

A

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

34
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

Union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

35
Q

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacroccygeal ligaments at Co1?

A

Posterior sacrococcygeal liament

36
Q

What ligament is the homologof the intertransverse ligament at S5?

A

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

37
Q

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

38
Q

Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

39
Q

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament

40
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsi rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

41
Q

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior iliac spine?

A

Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament

42
Q

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament

43
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

Intercornual ligament

44
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

A

10

45
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

46
Q

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

A

About age 30

47
Q

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

A

From caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

48
Q

What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?

A

Posterior (kyphotic)

49
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

Flexion - extension

5-20 degrees

50
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

A

Typically 5 pairs of cocygeal nerves are present

51
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?

A

Typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain

52
Q

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

A

S4, S5 and Co1 nerves

53
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

A midline sympathetic ganglion

54
Q

What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are indentified

55
Q

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

A

Ischiococcygeus

Levator ani

56
Q

What joint classifications are present for coccyx?

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

57
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

Sacral cornu
Coccygeal cornu
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Intercornual ligament

58
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the first coccygeal spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral body S5
Vertebral body Co1
Deep posterior sacroccygeal ligament
Intervertebral disc

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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