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Spinal Anatomy > Arthrology > Flashcards

Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

What term is used to identify the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

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2
Q

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

A

Syndesmology

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3
Q

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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4
Q

What are the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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5
Q

Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?

A

Syndesmosis

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6
Q

What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?

A

Synchondrosis

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7
Q

What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?

A

Symphysis

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8
Q

What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?

A

Synostosis

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9
Q

What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth?

A

Malocclusion

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10
Q

What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?

A

Interosseous ligament

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11
Q

What are the classic examples of the less movable or “fixed” syndesmosis?

A

Tibia-fibula shaft articulation
Radio-ulnar shaft articulation
Coraco-clavicular joint
Tympano-stapedial joint

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12
Q

What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?

A

Most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column

Ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

Primary cartilage joints
Temporary in longevity
Composed of hyaline cartilage
Form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

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14
Q

What are the examples of temporary cartilage joints?

A

Metaphysis
Neuro-central joint
Neural arch joint
Chondrocranium

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15
Q

What are the examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

Costochondral joints

First sternochondral joint

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16
Q

Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?

A

(amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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17
Q

What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Limited motion
Median plane location
Support anterior and posterior ligaments of a joint
Permanent in longevity
Occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

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19
Q

What are the classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Sternal symphyses
Symphysis menti

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20
Q

Which examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?

A

Symphysis menti

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21
Q

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

Articular or fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid

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22
Q

Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the___.

A

Capsular ligament

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23
Q

What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?

A

Intracapsular ligament

Extracapsular ligament

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the Type I articular receptors?

A

Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule
Resemble Ruffini endings
Most numerous in cervical zygapophyses
Monitor joint at “rest”

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Type III articular receptors?

A

Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments
Resembles Golgi tendon organs
Not initially observed along the vertebral column
Monitor extreme joint motion

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26
Q

What is the function of Type IV articular receptors?

A

Nociceptive (pain monitors)

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27
Q

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

Fibrous capsule
Articular fat pads
Adventitia of blood vessels

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28
Q

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

Accessory ligaments in general

Dense in posterior longitudinal ligament of spine

29
Q

Type IV articular receptors would be absent in what parts of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

A

Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

30
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

Synovial villi
Articular fat pads (Haversian glands)
Synovial menisci
Intra-articular discs

31
Q

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

Aid in spreading synovial fluid

32
Q

What is the apparent function of synovial villi?

A

Increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion - absorption phenomena

33
Q

Where are the articular fat pads located?

A

In the fibrous layer of synovial membrane

Absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, and intra-articular discs

34
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar zygapophyses

35
Q

Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Temporomandibular joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Radio-ulnar joint

36
Q

Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?

A

Femur-tibia articulation
Cervical zygapophyses
Lumbar zygapophyses

37
Q

What are the layers of the synovial membrane?

A

Outer fibrous layer

Inner (lumenal) cellular layer (synovial lamina intima)

38
Q

What are the specific functions of Type A synovial cells?

A

Phagocytic

39
Q

What is the specific function of Type B synovial cells?

A

Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

40
Q

What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage?

A

Water
Cells
Collagen Type II fibers
Proteogylan gel

41
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

Form a network for water retention

42
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

43
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

44
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

Weeping theory

45
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

A

Boosted theory

46
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies an absorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

A

Boundary theory

47
Q

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

Yellow-white
Viscous
Slightly alkaline
Tastes salty

48
Q

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Hyaluronate

49
Q

What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

Lubricin

50
Q

What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

Only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

51
Q

What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

More than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

52
Q

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

Within the simple joint or the compound joint

The articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

53
Q

What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on type of movement?

A

Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial

54
Q

What movements are accommodated of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

A

Translational movement

Plane gliding or gliding movement

55
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

A

Plane (diarthrosis arthroidal)

56
Q

What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?

A

Single combination of movements relative to a single axis: flexion, extension or medial rotation, lateral rotation

57
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

A

Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus)

Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

58
Q

What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?

A

Movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other: flexion, extension combined with abduction, adduction

59
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?

A

Bicondylar (diarthrosis)
Condylar (diarthrosis)
Ellipsoidal (diarthrosis)
Saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

60
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

A

Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis, spheroidal, cotyloid)

61
Q

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidal) joints?

A

Most zygapophyses of the vertebral column
Intercarpal, carpometacarpal, intermetacarpal hand joints
Intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal foot joints

62
Q

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

A

Humero-ulnar joint of elbow

Interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

63
Q

what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

A

Median atlanto-axial joint

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

64
Q

What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?

A

Osseous pivot point

Osteo-ligamentous ring

65
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

A

Temporomandibular joint

Femur-tibia joint of knees

66
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

A

Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand
Metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot
Atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

67
Q

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

A

Ellipsoidal synovial joint

Condylar synovial joint

68
Q

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?

A

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Talocrural joint of ankle
Calcaneocuboid joint of foot

69
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?

A

Femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at hip

Humerus-glenoid cavity of scapula articulation of shoulder

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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