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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Connective

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bone

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3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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4
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A 
Osteoblast = form bone
Osteocyte = maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast = remodel bone
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5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

Chondroitin sulfates
Keratin sulfates
Hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type I

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9
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

Calcium ions
Phosphate ions
Citrate ions
Carbonate ions

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10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A 
Sodium
Magnesium
Fluoride
Lead
Strontium
Radium
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12
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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13
Q

What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?

A

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and age

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14
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

Mesenchyme

Cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

From the second to third month in utero

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17
Q

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

Nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of mandible and clavicle, squama of the temporal and occipital bone, greater wing of the sphenoid

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18
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Frontal, parietal, squama of temporal and occipital bones, greater wing of sphenoid

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19
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

Endochondral ossification

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20
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

From the second to fifth month in utero

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21
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

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22
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

The clavicle

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23
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers of ossification appear before birth

Secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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24
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

Cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

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25
Q

What is the name given to the below the articulating surface?

A

Subchondral bone

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26
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

The periosteum

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27
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

The endosteum

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28
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

29
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

30
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella

Pisiform

31
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

Linear
Rounded
Sharp

32
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

Line
Ridge
Crest

33
Q

What is an example of an osseous ridge elevation?

A

Sacral transverse ridges

34
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous tubercle?

A 
Tubercle
Protuberance
Trochanter
Tuber or tuberosity
Malleolus
35
Q

What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?

A

A hammerhead-like elevation on the surface of bone

36
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

Spine

Process

37
Q

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called “spine?”

A

A thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone

38
Q

What is the definition of an osseous process?

A

A relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length

39
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

Linear depressions

Rounded depressions

40
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

Notch or incisure
Groove
Sulcus

41
Q

What is the definition of an osseous groove?

A

A long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone

42
Q

What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?

A

A wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone

43
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depression?

A

Fovea

Fossa

44
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fovea?

A

A shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

45
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fossa?

A

A deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

46
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

Ostium or orifice

Hiatus

47
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

An irregular opening on the surface of bone

48
Q

What are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

Foramen or canal

49
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

50
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

51
Q

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

52
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

53
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

Flat facets

Rounded facets

54
Q

What are examples of a flat osseous facet?

A

Articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

55
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

Articular heads

Articular condyles

56
Q

What is the definition of an osseous condyle?

A

A knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous identification

57
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A 
Skull
Hyoid
Vertebral column
Sternum
Ribs
58
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

59
Q

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

A

Calvaria or calva

60
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

61
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

62
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

63
Q

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

64
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?

65
Q

What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?

A

Pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column

66
Q

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

67
Q

What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?

A

Manubrium sterni
Corpus sterni
Xiphoid process

68
Q

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

A

12 pair or 24 ribs

Spinal Anatomy (19 decks)

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