Vertebral Column (Quiz 1/Test 1)

Question 1

For stability of the axis, the vertebral column has 2 contradictory mechanical requirements. What are they?

Answer 1

rigidity and plasticity

Question 2

If the axis is in the position of symmetry, the forces on either side are in….

Answer 2

equilibrium

Question 3

The vertebral column is the central pillar of the trunk and protects the….

Answer 3

neuraxis

Question 4

What structure is the most anterior main mass of bone in a vertebra and is cylindrical with concave sidewalls?

Answer 4

the body

Question 5

The body of a vertebra consists of 3 parts. What are they?

Answer 5

1) centrum (main mass of vertebral body)
2) superior epiphysis (top endplate)
3) inferior epiphysis (bottom endplate)

vertebrae are attached by IVDs

Question 6

What attaches the vertebral arch to vertebral body?

Answer 6

pedicles

Question 7

What is a superior pedicle notch?

Answer 7

depression on top of pedicle

Question 8

What is inferior pedicle notch?

Answer 8

depression on bottom of pedicle

Question 9

What do pedicles articulate with?

Answer 9

intervertebral foramina (IVFs)

Question 10

What forms a lever arm for muscle attachment?

Answer 10

spinous processes/spinous/spine and transverse processes

Question 11

What is another name for superior articular process?

Answer 11

pre-zygopophyses

Question 12

What is another name for inferior articular process?

Answer 12

post-zygopophyses

Question 13

What must a typical vertebra have?

Answer 13

-body
-2 pedicles
-2 laminae
-spinous process
-2 transverse processes
-2 pre-zygopophyses
-2 post-zygopophyses

Question 14

What are the typical vertebrae of the cervical spine?

Answer 14

C3-C6

Question 15

What are the typical vertebrae of the thoracic spine?

Answer 15

T2-T8

Question 16

What are the typical vertebrae of the lumbar spine?

Answer 16

L1-L4

Question 17

Is the axis/C2 a unique vertebra?

Answer 17

yes bc of the dens

Question 18

Is C1/atlas a unique vertebra?

Answer 18

yes bc it has no body

Question 19

What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical spine?

Answer 19

C1, C2, C7

Question 20

What are the atypical vertebrae of the thoracic spine?

Answer 20

T1, T9-T12

Question 21

Is the sacrum/coccyx considered typical or atypical?

Answer 21

neither, they’re weird

Question 22

How long is the male spine in inches?

Answer 22

23 in

Question 23

How long is the male spinal column in inches?

Answer 23

28 in

Question 24

How long is the female spine in inches?

Answer 24

20 in

Question 25

How long is the female spinal column in inches?

Answer 25

25 in

Question 26

The sacrococcygeal spine is approx how many inches in both genders?

Answer 26

5 in

Question 27

IVDs are approx what percent or length in inches?

Answer 27

25% or 7 inches in length (75% is vertebrae)

Question 28

What are the many functions of the spinal column as an organ?

Answer 28

-forms the central axis of the body -center of balance -main base for limb motions -protection and transmission of spinal cord and nerves -support and weight-bearing head, neck, arms, viscera -resiliency to move -absorbs shocks (IVDs and curves) -protects viscera (especially brain and spinal cord) -trunk mobility (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, circumduction) -body shape and position (erect posture/body contours) -skeletal formation (helps form posterior abdominal and thoracic walls) -hematopoiesis (new RBC formation within vertebral bodies, scapulae, sternum, pelvis within bone marrow)

Question 29

What is the superior boundary of the vertebral canal?

Answer 29

foramen magnum in the occiput

Question 30

What is the inferior boundary of the vertebral canal?

Answer 30

sacral hiatus

Question 31

What is the anterior boundary of the vertebral canal?

Answer 31

posterior vertebral bodies/ IVDs

Question 32

What is the lateral boundary of the vertebral canal?

Answer 32

pedicles/ IVFs

Question 33

What is the posterior boundary of the vertebral canal?

Answer 33

laminae/yellow ligament

Question 34

a neural ring/foramen is....

Answer 34

1 vertebra

Question 35

2 or more vertebrae is called....

Answer 35

neural/spinal/vertebral canal

Question 36

Which canal has the largest cross-sectional diameter?

Answer 36

cervical canal

Question 37

Which canals have an apex posterior triangular shape?

Answer 37

cervical and lumbar canal

Question 37

Which canal accommodates brachial swelling from C4-T1?

Answer 37

cervical canal

Question 37

Which canal has the smallest cross-sectional diameter?

Answer 37

thoracic canal

Question 38

Which canal is round in shape?

Answer 38

thoracic canal

Question 39

Which canal accommodates intercostal nerves?

Answer 39

thoracic canal

Question 40

Which canal is the second largest?

Answer 40

lumbar canal (between thoracic and cervical in size)

Question 41

Which canal accommodates lumbar swelling and the cauda equinae (T11-S1)?

Answer 41

lumbar canal sacral canal accommodates just the cauda equinae

Question 42

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 42

L1/L2 IVD level

Question 43

Which canal is large on top and then tapers into a hiatus?

Answer 43

sacral canal

Question 44

Which canal is a flattened triangle in shape?

Answer 44

sacral canal

Question 45

define spinal nerve

Answer 45

nerve root from cord to primary division (dorsal/ventral rami)

Question 46

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 46

31 pairs (L/R), named spinal nerve 1-32 from top to bottom

Question 47

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

Answer 47

spinal nerves 1-8th pairs C1-C8 spinal nerves these nerves exit the neural canal above vertebra of the same number ex: C4 spinal nerves go through C3/C4 IVF

Question 48

How many thoracic spinal nerves are there?

Answer 48

spinal nerves 9-20th pairs T1-T12 spinal nerves these nerves exit the neural canal below the vertebra of the same number ex: T4 spinal nerves go through T4/T5 IVFs

Question 49

How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?

Answer 49

spinal nerves 21-25th pairs L1-L5 spinal nerves these nerves exit the neural canal below the vertebrae of the same number ex: L4 spinal nerves go through L4/L5 IVFs

Question 50

How many sacral spinal nerves are there?

Answer 50

spinal nerves 26-30th pairs S1-S5 spinal nerves these nerves exit the neural canal below the segment of the same number ex: S4 spinal nerves go through S4/S5 IVFs S5 spinal nerves exit through the sacral hiatus

Question 51

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

Answer 51

31st pair (1 on L/R) L/R coccygeal spinal nerves exit through the sacral hiatus these nerves are called pudendal nerves

Question 52

How many pairs are there of IVFs?

Answer 52

31 pairs (divided into true and false IVFs)

Question 53

How many true IVFs are there?

Answer 53

23 pairs

Question 54

How are true IVFs formed?

Answer 54

by articulation of superior/inferior pedicle notches

Question 55

Where are true IVFs found?

Answer 55

from C2/C3 to L5/S1

Question 56

What do true IVFs accommodate?

Answer 56

spinal nerves C3 to L5

Question 57

How many false IVFs are there?

Answer 57

8 pairs

Question 58

What do the false IVFs accommodate?

Answer 58

spinal nerves C1, C2, S1-S5, and Cx1

Question 59

How are false IVFs divided?

Answer 59

into A/P foramina in the sacrum

Question 60

Which IVFs are the smallest?

Answer 60

cervical spine

Question 61

Which IVFs are the largest?

Answer 61

lumbar spine