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Spinal Biodynamics 1 > Sacrum/Coccyx (Quiz 2/Exam 2) > Flashcards

Sacrum/Coccyx (Quiz 2/Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

The sacrum is considered false vertebra. Why?

A

it forms from 5 fused segments

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2
Q

The sacrum apex is an inferior trapezoid that transmits weight to the….

A

pelvis

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3
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with?

A

L5, coccyx, and L/R iliac portions of the coxae

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4
Q

Where is the base of the sacrum?

A

the top

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5
Q

What does the base of the sacrum articulate with?

A

inferior epiphysis and post zygopophyses of L5

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6
Q

What direction does the base of the sacrum face?

test q

A

anterosuperior in normal posture

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7
Q

The base of the sacrum has the superior epiphysis of S1, which is the ________IVD

A

23rd

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8
Q

Where is the sacral promontory?

A

anterior margin of the base of the sacrum

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9
Q

What is the chiropractic landmark in the sacrum?

A

base- looking for spondylolisthesis

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10
Q

What is the obstetrical landmark of the sacrum?

A

posterior pelvic inlet at the base of the sacrum (looking for baby to drop)

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11
Q

What are the features of sacral pre-zygopophyses?

A

-most inferior in the spinal column
-articulates with the L5 inferior articular surfaces
-also shows mammillary processes

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12
Q

What are the features of the sacral ala/wings?

A

-lateral masses of bone
-supports the lateral articular surfaces
-composed of both transverse and costogenic tissue

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13
Q

What are the features of sacral tuberosities (L/R)?

A

-posterolateral swellings on the superior alae
-impalpable under the PSISs

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14
Q

What are the sacral tuberosities (L/R) homologous to and articulate with?

test q

A

L5 transverses

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15
Q

What are the features of the sacral apex?

A

-inferior epiphysis of the S5 segment
-small, wide, oval articular facet

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16
Q

What does the apex of the sacrum articulate with?

A

coccygeal base

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17
Q

What are the features of the pelvic/ventral/anterior surface of the sacrum?

A

-smooth and concave
-in contact with pelvic viscera
-front of the kyphotic curve
-mini-concavities at each segment
-4 transverse ridges called intersegmental fusion lines
-4 pairs of anterior sacral foramina just lateral to the transverse ridges
-the foramina allow the passage of the anterior primary divisions of S1-S4 spinal nerves

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18
Q

What are the features of the dorsal surface of the sacrum? What is the dorsal surface homologous to?

A

-rough and convex
-many features that are homologous to arch processes
-homologous to fused vertebral arches
-median sacral crest is here
-4 distinct tubercles with inter-tubercular septa
-sacral hiatus
-sacral grooves
-intermediate articular crests (L/R)
-sacral cornua
-posterior sacral foramina (4 pairs)
-lateral sacral crests (L/R)
-lateral inferior angle of the sacrum

19
Q

What is the median sacral crest of the dorsal surface homologous to?

A

S1-S4 SPs

20
Q

Which sacral tubercle is the longest/largest?

A

1st sacral tubercle

21
Q

Which sacral tubercle is the palpation landmark?

A

2nd sacral tubercle because its just median to the PSISs of the ilia

22
Q

What are the features of the sacral hiatus on the dorsal surface?

A

-there is no 5th sacral tubercle, instead its the sacral hiatus
-its a gap in the posterior wall of S5
-its like a naturally occuring spina bifida

23
Q

What does the sacral hiatus allow passage for?

test q

A

L/R S5 and Cc1 spinal nerves

24
Q

What are the features of the sacral grooves (L/R) on the dorsal surface?

A

-just lateral to the median sacral crest
-shallow vertical valleys
-recessed laminae

25
Q

What are the features of the intermediate/articular crests (L/R) of the dorsal surface?

A

-4 tubercles just lateral to the sacral grooves
-represents the post-zygopophyses of S1-S4 (test q)
-superior end= sacral pre-zygopophyses

26
Q

What are the features of the sacral cornu on the dorsal surface?

A

-located at the inferior end of the intermediate sacral crest
-just lateral to the sacral hiatus
-rudimentary post-zygopophyses of S5
-articulates with the coccygeal cornua

27
Q

What are the features of the posterior sacral foramina (4 pairs) of the dorsal surface?

A

-just lateral to the intermediate sacral crests
-passages for the posterior primary divisions of S1-S4 spinal nerves
-smaller and shallower than the anterior sacral foramina

28
Q

What are the features of the lateral sacral crests (L/R) of the dorsal surface?

A

-prominent wavy ridges
-lateral to the posterior sacral foramina
-not composed of distinct tubercles
-superior end= sacral tuberosities

29
Q

What is the lateral inferior angle of the sacrum on the dorsal surface?

A

sharp inferolateral angulation

30
Q

What is the lateral inferior angle of the sacrum on the dorsal surface homologous to?

A

S5 transverses

31
Q

What does the inferior angle of the sacrum on the dorsal surface articulate with?

A

rudimentary transverses of Cc1

32
Q

What are the features of the lateral surface of the sacrum?

A

-also known as lateral articular or auricular surfaces
-auricular because it looks like an ear
-anteriorly convex, buckled oval
-very rough, irregular to increase stability
-rough bumpy inferior margin
-attachment for ligaments
-ends at the lateral inferior sacral ridges

33
Q

What direction do the lateral surfaces (L/R) of the sacrum face?

test q

A

slightly posterolaterally

34
Q

What do the lateral surfaces (L/R) of the sacrum articulate with?

test q

A

iliac auricular surfaces

35
Q

What are the sexual differences in the sacrum?

A

Male
-narrower proportions
-larger S1 and sacral base
-larger auricular surfaces to increase stability
-smooth kyphotic curve

Female
-wider proportions
-smaller S1/sacral base
-smaller auricular surfaces that cover only S1/S2
-increases SI joint mobility to facilitate childbirth
-decreases stability due to lower average female weight

36
Q

What is sacralization?

A

-partial or complete fusion of L5 to S1
-partial= arch/body/SPs partially fused
-complete= 6 segment sacrum with 4 lumbars
-partial is more common
-may be congenital or acquired

37
Q

What is congenital sacralization?

A

-appears during embryonic development
-more likely to be complete (6 segments sacrum with 4 lumbars)
-stable, not progressive

38
Q

What is acquired sacralization (usually adaptive to IVD trauma)?

A

-also known as ankylosis (pathological fusion)
-L5 looks like an L5, but the body or transverses may be fused
-progressive that becomes more complete with time
-usually clinically silent but may increase L4 IVD strain
-L4/L5 IVD is approx level with the superior iliac crest line

39
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

-partial or complete failure of S1/S2 fusion
-partial=body/arch/alae partially fused
-complete= S1 transformed into an L6, sacrum has only 4 segments now
-partial is much more common than complete
-always congenital, never acquired
-never progressive
-may decrease SI joint stability and can LBP/problems

40
Q

What are the features of the coccyx?

A

-apex inferior triangle of 3-5 segments, usually 4
-smallest vertebra, no neural foramen
-articulates only with the sacrum above
-mostly rudimentary
-6 surfaces- base, apex, ventral, dorsal, and 2 lateral
-transverse grooves/fusion lines (Cc1/Cc2 joint may persist)
-apex is a rudimentary centrum of the caudal segment
-important muscle and ligament attachment
-palpable just posterior to the anus
-has a cornua
-has rudimentary TPs

41
Q

What are the features of the coccygeal cornua?

A

-rudimentary pre-zygopophyses of Cc1
-projects superiorly from the coccygeal base
-articulates with the sacral cornua

42
Q

What do the rudimentary TPs of the coccyx articulate with?

A

lateral inferior angles

43
Q

Where do the rudimentary TPs of the coccyx project?

A

laterally from Cc1, sometimes Cc2

Spinal Biodynamics 1 (17 decks)

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