Verbs Flashcards
active voice, present indicative
O/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
active voice, future indicative, groups 1 and 2
bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt
active voice, Imperfect indicative
bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant
active voice, perfect indicative
i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt
active voice, future perfect indicative
ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint
active voice, pluperfect indicative
eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
MEANING, active voice, present indicative
…DOING
MEANING, active voice, future simple indicative
…shall/will…
MEANING, active voice, Imperfect indicative
…was/were…
MEANING, active voice, perfect indicative
…have/ has …
…DONE
MEANING, active voice, future perfect indicative
…shall/will have…
MEANING, active voice, pluperfect indicative
…had…
passive voice, present indicative
r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
passive voice, future simple indicative
bor, beris (re), bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur
passive voice, imperfect indicative
bar, baris, batur, bamur, bamini, bantur
passive voice, perfect indicative
tus sum, tus es, tus est, ti sumus, ti sumus, ti estis, ti sunt
passive voice, future perfect indicative
tus ero, tus eris, tus erit, ti erimus, ti eritis, ti erunt
passive voice, pluperfect indicative
tus eram, tus eras, tus erat, ti eramus, ti eratis, ti erant
MEANING, passive voice, present indicative
… am/ are being…
MEANING, passive voice, future simple indicative
…shall/ will be…
MEANING, passive voice, imperfect indicative
…was/were being…
MEANING, passive voice, perfect indicative
…have/has been…
…was/were…
MEANING, passive voice, future perfect indicative
…shall/ will have been…
MEANING, passive voice, pluperfect indicative
…had been…
1st group, Infinitive ending
Are
2nd group, infinitive ending
Ere
First principal part
-O
First person singular
Present active indicative
Second principle part
-are/ere/ere/ire
Present active INFINITIVE (to desire)
Third principal part
-avi
First person singular
Perfect active indicative (I desired, I have desired)
Fourth principal part
-atus
Perfect passive participle (having been desired, desired)
Subjunctive mood is for
Idea, intent, desire, uncertainty, potentiality, anticipation
1st group, Present active Subjunctive
Change the A to E
Em, es, et, emus, etis, ent
Recognisable by the ‘e’
Imperfect active subjunctive
Infinitive + personal endings
Are/ere/ire + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
E.g: optarem, optares, optaret, opteremus, optaretis, optarent
Perfect active subjunctive
Perfect stem + eri + personal endings
av/ev/ep/s + eri + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Pluperfect active subjunctive
Perfect stem + isse + personal endings
av/ev/ep/s + isse + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Conditional sentence
Two clauses
An IF (si/nisi) clause and a concluding one
Conditional sentence, present subjunctive in both clauses
A less vivid future
If he should work, he would desire money
Conditional sentence, imperfect subjunctive in both clauses
Present contrary-to-fact
(Untrue or hypothesised)
If he were (now) working (but he is not), he would be desiring money (he would desire money)
Conditional sentence, pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses
Past contrary-to-fact
(Untrue or hypothesised)
If he had (in the past) worked (but he did not), he would have desired money
Genitive + accusation/condemnation verbs
Express the charge or penalty
2nd Group, Present active Subjunctive
Replace the e with ea
M,s,t,mus,tis,nt
Recognisable by the ‘ea’
3rd Group, Present active Subjunctive
Replace the ‘i’ with ‘a’ or add the ‘a’ to the ‘i’
m,s,t,mus,tis,nt
Recognisable by the ‘a’
Group 4, Present active subjunctive
Replace with ‘ia’
m,s,t,mus,tis,nt
Recognisable by the ‘ia’
Active voice, future active indicative, groups 3 and 4
am,es,et,emus,etis,ent
i stems keep the ‘i’ throughout
Present passive indicative
or/r, ris/re, tur, mur, mini, ntur
Imperfect passive indicative
bar, baris, batur, bamur, bamini, bantur
Future passive indicative, groups 1 and 2
bor, beris, bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur
Future passive indicative, groups 3 and 4
ar, eris, etur, emur, emini, entur
Perfect passive indicative
Fourth principle part + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
Masculine singular: us
Masculine plural: i
Feminine singular: a
Feminine plural: ae
Neuter singular: um
Neuter plural: a
Pluperfect passive indicative
Fourth principle part + eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant
Masculine singular: us
Masculine plural: i
Feminine singular: a
Feminine plural: ae
Neuter singular: um
Neuter plural: a
Future perfect passive indicative
Fourth principle part + ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
Masculine singular: us
Masculine plural: i
Feminine singular: a
Feminine plural: ae
Neuter singular: um
Neuter plural: a
Perfect passive subjunctive
Fourth principle part + sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint
Masculine singular: us
Masculine plural: i
Feminine singular: a
Feminine plural: ae
Neuter singular: um
Neuter plural: a
Pluperfect passive subjunctive
Fourth principle part + essem, esset, essemus, essetis, essent
Masculine singular: us
Masculine plural: i
Feminine singular: a
Feminine plural: ae
Neuter singular: um
Neuter plural: a
Present passive subjunctive
e/ea/a/ai + r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
Imperfect passive subjunctive
Are/ere/ere/ire + r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
Participle
Verb turned adjective
The shouting woman
The destroyed town
The men detouring the town
Present active participle
-ns added to present stem
Future active participle
Fourth principal part + urus/a/um
Perfect passive participle
The fourth principal part
Future passive participle
Present stem + ndus/a/um
Gerundive
Is the Future passive participle
Obligation, necessity, propriety
Periphrastics
Active/passive future participles + verb sum
Active periphrastic all conjugations for first person
Indicative
Present: urus/a/um + sum, I am about to
Imperfect: urus/a/um + eram, I was about to
Future: urus/a/um + ero, I will be about to
Perfect: urus/a/um + fui, I have been (was) about to
Pluperfect: urus/a/um + fueram, I had been about to
Future perfect: urus/a/um + fuero, I shall have been about to
Active periphrastic all conjugations all persons
Subjunctive
Present: urus/a/um + si-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Imperfect: urus/a/um + esse-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Perfect: urus/a/um + fueri-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Pluperfect: urus/a/um + fuisse-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Passive periphrastic meaning
Have (has) to, should, ought to, must
Passive periphrastic all conjugations for first person
Indicative
Present: ndus/a/um + sum, I have to be
Imperfect: ndus/a/um + eram, I had to be
Future: ndus/a/um + ero, I shall have to be
Perfect: ndus/a/um + fui, I had to be
Pluperfect: ndus/a/um + fueram, I had had to be
Future perfect: ndus/a/um + fuero, I shall have had to be
Passive periphrastic all conjugations all persons
Subjunctive
Present: ndus/a/um + si-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Imperfect: ndus/a/um + esse-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Perfect: ndus/a/um + fueri-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Pluperfect: ndus/a/um + fuisse-m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
Imperative present active singular
Present stem (a/e/e/i)
Imperative present active plural
Ate/ete/ite/ite
Present stem (a/e/e/i) + te
3rd groups: the e becomes an i
MEANING of Imperative present active
(Do!)
Exceptions to Imperative present active
Singular: dic,duc,fac,fer
Plural: ferte (the other three have the present stem in)
Imperative present passive singular
2nd person of present passive indicative with -re ending
Present passive stem + re
Imperative present passive plural
5th person present passive
-mini
MEANING of Imperative present passive
Be…(loved)
Negative imperatives noli
MEANING
Singular: Noli + present infinitive verb
Plural: nolite + present infinitive verb
MeAning: Don’t (verb)
Negative imperatives ne
MEANING
Ne + present subjunctive/ perfect subjunctive
Meaning: may you not (verb)
Present active infinitive
Are/ere/ere/ire
Present passive infinitive
Ari/eri/i/iri
Replace are/ere/ere/ire
Perfect active infinitive
3rd principal part +isse
Perfect passive infinitive
4th principal part + esse
Esse is the infinitive of sum
Future active infinitive
Future active participle (urus/ura/urum)+ esse
Esse is the infinitive of sum
In a subordinate clause if the main verb is primary sequence what must the apodosis be
Present
Perfect
In a subordinate clause if the main verb is secondary sequence what must the apodosis be
Imperfect
Pluperfect
in a conditional sentence what must have happened in the protosis
the verb must already be finished
Future vivid conditional sentence
future indicative in both
“if he works, he will desire”
Future vivid MORE EMPHATIC conditional sentence
future perfect indicative, future indicative
“IF he works, he will desire”
will have worked
Less vivid future conditional sentence
Present subjunctive in both
“If he should work, he would desire money”
Simple conditional sentences
indicative in both
present “If he works, he desires”
past “if he worked, he desired”
present contrary to fact conditional sentence
imperfect subjunctive in both
“if he were working, he would be desiring”
Past contrary to fact conditional sentence
pluperfect subjunctive in both
“if he had worked, he would have desired”
primary tenses indicative
present
future
perfect (have, has)
future perfect
primary tenses subjunctive
present
perfect
secondary tenses indicative
imperfect
perfect (english past)
pluperfect
secondary tenses subjunctive
imperfect
pluperfect
conditional sentences, sequences of tenses
present/imperfect subjunctive (contemporaneous/subsequent to main verb)
perfect/pluperfect subjunctive (prior to main verb)
How to turn a sentence into an indirect statement
Nominative (the subject) goes to accusative
Finite verb goes to infinitive version
Tense of verb is expressed as it is, regardless of tense of main verb
Periphrastic active optaturus fuisse
To have been going to desire
Periphrastic passive optandus fuisse
To have had to be desired
Present participles singular
M,F: ns, ntem, ntis, nti, nti(e)
N: ns, ns, ntis, nti, nti(e)
Present participles plural
M,F: ntes, ntes(is), ntium, ntibus, ntibus
N: ntia, ntia, ntium, ntibus, ntibus
Present participles when should I and E be used for the ablative singular
I: participle used as an attributive adjetive
E: participle used as a noun
Present indicative of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt
Present passive of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Feror, ferris(ferre), fertur, ferimur, ferimini, feruntur
Imperative of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Singular
Fer!
Imperative of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Plural
Ferte!
Deponent verbs
Precor, precari, pracatus sum -beg, request
Vereor, vereri, veritus sum -fear
Ingredior, ingredi, ingressis sum -enter, proceed
Experior, experiri, expertus sum
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Present
Precor Pracaris(re) Precatur Precamur Precamini Precantur
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Present subjunctive
Precer Preceris(re) Precetur Precemur Precemini Precentur
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Imperfect
Precabar
Precabaris
…
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Imperfect subjunctive
Precarer
Precareris(re)
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Future
Precabor
Precaberis(re)
…
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Perfect
Precatus sum
Precatus es
..
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Perfect subjunctive
Precatus si,
Precatus sis
…
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Pluperfect
Precatus eram
Precatus eras
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Pluperfect subjunctive
Precatus essem
Precatus esses
…
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Future perfect
Precatus ero
Precatus eris
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Present active infinitive
Precari
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Perfect active infinitive
Precatus esse
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Future active infinitive
Precaturus esse
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Present active participle
Precans
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Perfect active participle
Precatus -a -um
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Future active participle
Precaturus -a -um
Precor, precari, pracatus sum
Future PASSIVE participle (gerundive)
Precandus -a -um
In what ways are deponent verbs different
Passive shape active meaning
Have a perfect active participle (other verbs have a passive one)
Semi-deponent verbs meaning
Passive forms, active meaning in the perfect stem
Audeo, audere, ausus sum
Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
Audeo Audebam Audebo Ausus sum Ausus eram Ausus ero
Jussive and Hortatory subjunctive
Veniat!
Veniamus!
The present subjunctive is used to express a command/exhortation
Let him come!
Let’s come!
Floreat Exon
Jussive subjunctive is expressed in
Third person
Hortatory subjunctive is expressed in
The first person
Negative jussive hortatory subjunctive
Introduced by ne
Ne hoc faciat! =let him not do this!
Potential subjunctive
An action which might possibly/conceivable occur
Present (sometimes perfect) subjunctive: present/future potentiality (future less vivid)
Imperfect subjunctive: past potentiLity
Negative potential subjunctive
Introduced by non
Deliberative subjunctive
Present/imperfect subjunctive can be used to deliberate about a course of action. Used in rhetorical questions
Quid faciam? What am i to do? What should I do?
Quid facerem? What was I to do? What should I have done?
Negative of Deliberative subjunctive
Introduced by non
Optative sunjunctive- A wish for the future
Present subjunctive
Can be introduced by utinam/ut (utinam ne, ne, in negative)
Utinam veniat! I wish that he would come! If only he would come!
Utinam ne veniat! I wish he would not come! If only he would not come!
Optative subjunctive, incapable of fulfilment, present time
Imperfect subjunctive
Utinam veniret! I wish he were coming! If only he were coming!
Optative subjunctive, incapable of fulfilment, past time
Pluperfect
Utinam venisset! I wish he had come! If only he had come!
Indirect questions
Subordinate clause that depend on words that often depend on actions that occur in the head (saying, thinking, seeing, perceiving, knowing, asking)
Introduced by an interrogative word
Have their verbs in the subjunctive
Examples of indirect questions
I know who you are
We wondered what gifts you brought
What you are doing bothers me
Direct question verbs
Indicative or deliberative subjunctive
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is primary sequence
How is present time expressed
Present subjunctive
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is primary sequence
How is future time expressed
Present future active periphrastic
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is primary sequence
How is past time expressed
Perfect subjunctive
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is secondary sequence
How is present time expressed
Imperfect subjunctive
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is secondary sequence
How is future time expressed
Imperfect Future active periphrastic
To turn direct questions into indirect
If the main clause is secondary sequence
How is past time expressed
Pluperfect subjunctive
In double indirect questions (the second question is negative)
Necne is used more often than an non
