Key Info Flashcards
Secondary indicative tenses
Imperfect
Perfect (english past tense)
Pluperfect
Cum always takes
The ablative case
De always takes
The ablative case
As an adverb et means
Even
Conditional sentences simple
Indicative in both clauses
Conditional sentences future indicative + future indicative
Si laborabit, pecuniam optabit
Future more vivid
If he works (present), he will desire money
Conditional sentences future perfect indicative +future indicative
Future exceptionally emphatic
IF he works (will have worked), he will desire money
Conditional sentences present subjunctive + present subjunctive
Si laboret, pecuniam optet
Future less vivid
If he should work, he would desire money
Conditional sentence imperfect subjunctive + imperfect subjunctive
Present contrary to fact
If he were working , he would be desiring money
Conditional sentence pluperfect subjunctive + pluperfect subjunctive
Si laboravisset, pecuniam optavisset
Past contrary to fact
If he had worked, he would have desired money
Whats important in terms of tenses in conditional sentences
Protasis action must be completed for that of the apodosis to occur
Genitive with verbs of accusing and condemning
Expresses the charge of the penalty
Puellam curae culpat
He blames the girl -for her- concern
Nautam pecuniae damnavit
He sentenced the sailor -to pay money-
A (ab) means “by” when
When representing living beings
“Away from” “by”
“Ad” goes with what case
“To” “towards”
Governs the accusative case
“Per” goes with what case
Goes with accusative (as it expresses motion towards)
When does “dubito” mean hesitate and doubt
Hesitate if with an infinitive
Otherwise doubt
Sub + accusative
Movement towards
Sub + ablative
Location is involved
Ablative without preposition
MEANS or INSTRUMENT by which something is done
Ablative with or without “cum”
WAY or MANNER in which something is done
Ablative where “cum” is NECESARY
Ablative is not modified by an adjective
When it is modified cum is optional
Purpose clauses have their subordinate clause verbs in
The subjunctive
Primary tenses in the subjunctive
Present
Perfect
Secondary tenses in the subjunctive
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Primary sequence what do the subjunctives means
Present- action same time/subsequent to main verb
Perfect- action prior to main verb
Secondary sequence what do the subjunctives means
Imperfect- action same time/subsequent to main verb
Pluperfect- action prior to main verb
What must we remember about the tenses of the subjunctive in clauses of purpose
Their tense is only relative to the tense of the main verb
Perfect passives
All use the perfect passive participle and a version of sum for
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect indicative
Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive
Person who performs the action of a passive verb
Puella a regina terretur
Expressed with “a/ab” + ABLATIVE
The girl is frightened by the queen
Amica means
Girlfriend
Prostitute
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
Doesn’t just mean lead but
Consider
Book
Liber, libri, M.
Free
Liber, libera, liberum
Sending to someone
Mitto, mittere, misi, missus
+ ad + accusative
Sending for someone
Mitto, mittere, misi, missus
+ dative
Pointing something out to someone
Monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus
+ dative
Primary indicative tenses
Prsent
Future
Future perfect
Perfect (present perfect is “has” or “have”
Present active participle
To shout
Shouting Who was shouting Since she was shouting Although she was shouting When she was shouting While she was shouting If she was shouting
Case of the present participle
An action occurring at the same time as the main verb
What can the present participle be translated with
Causal- Since
Concessive- Although (tamen is often inserted)
Temporal- When, while
Conditional- if
Perfect passive participle
To be frightened
Having-been-frightened Having been frightened Who had been frightened Since she had been frightened Although she had been frightened When she had been frightened After she had been frightened If she had been frightened
Tense of perfect passive participle
An action which occurred prior to the time of the main verb
Future active participle
Depart
About-to-depart About to depart Who was about to depart Going to depart Since/although/when/as/if...was going to depart
Future participle tenses
An action which will occur or has occurred subsequent to that of the main verb
Future passive participle
Read
Having-to-be-read
To be read
Which had to be read
Future passive participle is used for
The gerundive
Obligation, necessity, propriety
Active periphrastic meaning
About to
Passive periphrastic menaing
Had/have to be desired
Personal agent with passive periphrastic is expressed by
Poeta reginae videndus est
Personal agent is expressed by the dative without a preposition
(And not a(ab) + ablative)
The poet must be seen by the queen
How is possession expressed
Corona est amico
Dative + sum shows possession
The friend has a book / the book is the friend’s
“Ante” and “post” govern what case
Accusative case
“Impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatus” governs what case
Dative
Ruit can me
He rushes
He has rushed
Which third declensions are i stems
Nominative and genitive have the same number of syllables
Stem of the noun ends in two consonants except if the second is an l or r (pater, mater is an exception)
Nominative singular neuter ends in e, al, ar (end in -i in ablative and -ia in nominative and accusative plural)
How to make indirect statements
Subject is made accusative
Finite verb changed to an infinitive
Tense of the infinitive in indirect statements
Relative to that of the main verb
Present- same time
Perfect- prior
Future- sunsequent
What case accompanies verbs of separation or deprivation
Ablative
How to express origin or descent of a person or thing
Ablative
To express place from which
“A(ab)”, “e(ex)”, “de” + ablative
Exceptions from place from which?
How?
Names of towns, cities, small islands, “domus”, “rus” -no preposition is used
Place to which is expressed
Expressed by “ad” + accusative
Exceptions from Place to which
Names of towns, cities, small islands, “domus”, “rus” -no preposition is used
Locative case
Names of towns, cities, small islands, “domus”, “rus”
- to express place in which and place where “at Rome”
1st/2nd -genitive singular, ablative plural
3rd- e/i singular, -ibus plural
“Careo, carere, carui, caritus”
Governs?
Lack
Governs the ablative case
Personal pronouns with “cum”
Attached such as MECUM
Reflexive pronouns
Refers to the subject of its own clause so nominative
Possessive adjectives agree with
The thing possessed
When reflexive possession is not desired in the third person
A form of is, ea, id in the genitive is used (singular and plural)
How to use relative pronoun
Qui, quae, quod = whom
GENDER and NUMBER agrees with its antecedent Its case (NAGDA) is determined by its use in its own clause
Interrogative adjective
(Which? What?) is identical n form to the relative pronoun
To express accompaniment
Ablative +cum
Time when
Expressed by the ablative
Time within which
Expressed by the ablative
Duration of time
Accusative
Answers “for how long?”
Extent of space
Accusative
Answers “for how long?”
Subordinate clauses within an indirect statement (subject accusative and infinitive) verb?
Verbs in subjunctive, tense according to tense sequence, after the verb at the head that introduces the indirect statement
-the person reporting the statement does not claim responsibility of truth
Est homo illius generis
He is a man of that sort
Opus est
Cases it goes with
There is need of
What is needed: nominative, ablative, or genitive (less frequently)
Person who is in need: dative case
Salutem dicere
“To greet” “to say hello”
In (respect to) what is expressed how
Haec femina specie pulchra est
Mea sententia nihil perficient
Ablative without a preposition
This woman is beautiful in (respect to) appearance
In (respect to) my opinion, they will accomplish nothing
Two datives in close proximity
Filii matri fructui sunt
Ad urbem saluti mihi venit
Opinio mali periculo erat civitati
One denoted the purpose, the other denotes the person or thing
The sons are (for the purpose of) an asset (with reference) to their mother
He came too the city for (the purpose of) a salvation (with reference) to me
The opinion of the evil was (for the purpose of) a danger (with reference) to the state.
Fructui esse
To be an asset to
Iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus
Verb of ordering what construction does it use for an indirect statement
An infinitive with subject accusative
Res publica
State, republic
Quam ob rem
On account of which thing
For what reason
Why
How is a part of a whole group expressed
Fortissimus omnium militum ad me venit
Multi hominum opiniones sapientium laudant
With the genitive
The bravest of all the soldiers came to me
Many of the men praise the opinions of the wise
How is a part of a whole group expressed by words
When is this frequent?
Quinque ex militibus domum venerunt
OR “e(ex)” / “de” + ablative
Frequently used when the part is a cardinal number
Five of (out of) the soldiers came home
Quam primum
As soon as possible
Tam…quam
So…as
As…as
Quam + superlative
As…as possible
Quam can also be used
How in an exclamatory sense!
An abstract noun (amicitia, sapientia)
Adding -ia
friendship, wisdom
Sometimes it is best to translate an adjective as
Humiles in tectum domini venimus
An adverb
We came humbly into the master’s house
Proximus is found with
Proximus turbae fuit
The dative
He was nearest the crowd
Similis/dissimilis govern
Genitive or dative case
What is an ablative absolute clause
Has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence
How to make the ablative absolute
Subject is in Ablative
Participle ablative verb
How the ablative is translated
With/when/since/although
Problem with sum in ablative absolute
No present participle
two nouns in ablative absolute construction used with an implied participle connecting them (with that woman (being) queen)
How is cause expressed
Clamare gaudio coepit.
Forma laudabantur
By the ablative (because of)
She began to shout because of joy
They were praised because of beauty
How is cause expressed with words
Propter metum faminas interfecit
“Ob” or “propter” + accusative (on account of)
He killed the women on account of fear
How is description expressed
Noun in the ablative or genitive, modified by an adjective, expresses the quality of another noun.
objective genitive
Amor patriae
Metus belli
cupidus pecuniae
The genitive is the object of the verbAl idea
(What is feared, what is loved, what is desired)
Love of the native land
Fear of war
Desirous of money
Subjective genitive
Feminae amor patriae
The genitive is doing the action,
The woman’s love of her native land
Predicate genitive (Genitive of characteristic)
Hominis spientis est libros legere
Boni est deos laudare
Genitive stands alone (or modified by an adjective)
It is the mark of…
It is the mark of a wise man to read books
It is the mark of a good man to praise the gods
