Verbal Behavior

Question 1

A physical energy change capable of affecting an organism through one of its receptors: photoreceptors, phonoreceptors, chemoreceptors (gustatory and olfactory), mechanoreceptors (touch), thermoreceptors, and free nerve endings.

Answer 1

Stimulus

Question 2

A stimulus in the presence of which a given response has a history of being reinforced.

Answer 2

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 3

A stimulus following a response that increases or strengthens the likelihood of that response occurring in the future, under similar conditions.

Answer 3

Reinforcement

Question 4

A stimulus following a response that decreases or weakens the likelihood of that response occurring in the future, under similar conditions.

Answer 4

Punishment

Question 5

An environmental event, most commonly a discriminative stimulus, which controls or determines the likelihood that a given response will be emitted.

Answer 5

Controlling Variable

Question 6

Words “refer” to other things

What a word “refers” to is often its meaning

Answer 6

Symbolism

Question 7

We can create and understand an infinite number of meaningful sentences

Answer 7

Generativity

Question 8

Typically studied on the basis of its form or structure, as shown in this sentence diagram, with little attention paid to the circumstances under which it occurs

Answer 8

Verbal Behavior

Question 9

Verbal Behavior is Behavior

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Behavior that is reinforced through the mediation of another person who has been specifically trained to provide such reinforcement.

Answer 10

Verbal Behavior

Question 11

A stimulus change that occurs after a response has been emitted, increases the future probability of that response, and results from the action of another individual

Answer 11

Mediated Reinforcement

Question 12

A stimulus change that has the following features:

It occurs after a response has been emitted

It increases the future probability of that response

It results from the action of another individual

Answer 12

Mediated Reinforcement

Question 13

An example of mediated reinforcement is when you emit the vocal response “water” and someone then presents you with a glass of water, and this tends to increase or maintain your tendency to say “water” whenever water would currently be reinforcing. The key is that the reinforcement was provided by the actions of another individual.

Answer 13

An example of mediated reinforcement is when you emit the vocal response “water” and someone then presents you with a glass of water, and this tends to increase or maintain your tendency to say “water” whenever water would currently be reinforcing. The key is that the reinforcement was provided by the actions of another individual.

Question 14

You emit the response “milk” and someone presents you with a glass of milk. This increases the probability that you will say milk in the future under similar circumstances. This is an example of:

Answer 14

Mediated Reinforcement

Question 15

You write the word “water” as a result of hearing someone say “water,” and someone says “correct.” This increased your tendency to write “water” as a result of hearing someone say “water.” This is an example of:

Answer 15

Mediated Reinforcement

Question 16

You turn on a light switch and the lights come on. This results in an increase in your tendency to turn on lights by turning on the switch. The lights coming on is an example of:

Answer 16

Non-Mediated Reinforcement

Question 17

An environmental event, most commonly a discriminative stimulus, which controls or determines the likelihood that a given response will be emitted.

Answer 17

Controlling Variable

Question 18

Behavior that is established and maintained by reinforcement that is mediated by another person. In addition, the other person’s action that results in the reinforcement must have been specifically trained in order to reinforce speakers.

Answer 18

Verbal Behavior

Question 19

Saying “water” and then receiving some water as the result of the actions of another person is an example of verbal behavior.

Answer 19

Saying “water” and then receiving some water as the result of the actions of another person is an example of verbal behavior.

Question 20

Salivation at the sight of a steak is not verbal behavior for several reasons. The primary reason is that the response is not established and maintained by reinforcement; it is established and maintained by classical or respondent conditioning.

Answer 20

Salivation at the sight of a steak is not verbal behavior for several reasons. The primary reason is that the response is not established and maintained by reinforcement; it is established and maintained by classical or respondent conditioning.

Question 21

You enter a very cold room, see that the window is open, and say, “Close the window, please.” Someone else in the room then gets up and closes the window. This results in an increase in your tendency to say, “Close the window” in the future under similar conditions. This is an example of:

Answer 21

Verbal Behavior

Question 22

Someone asks you how many cookies you would like and you hold up two fingers. He then gives you two cookies. In the past when you did this you got two cookies. Holding up two fingers is an example of:

Answer 22

Verbal Behavior

Question 23

You are walking on some ice and you slip and fall. Falling is an example of:

Answer 23

Non-Verbal Behavior

Question 24

You ask someone for a cookie and they refuse to give it to you. In the past, you sometimes have received a cookie when you asked. Asking for it now is an example of:

Answer 24

Verbal Behavior

Question 25

As a result of the person refusing to give you a cookie in the previous question, you go out and buy a box of cookies, open it, and take out a cookie. Taking out the cookie is an example of:

Answer 25

Non-Verbal Behavior

Question 26

Your ophthalmologist shines a bright light in your eye to get your pupil to contract. Shining the bright light is an example of:

Answer 26

Non-Verbal Behavior

Question 27

You find an email address on a person’s Facebook profile and write it down. Copying the email address is an example of:

Answer 27

Verbal Behavior

Question 28

One particular class of verbal responses does not seem to be controlled by a prior discriminative stimulus

Answer 28

Establishing Operation

Question 29

An environmental event or operation that momentarily increases the reinforcing effectiveness of some particular reinforcement.

Answer 29

Establishing Operation

Question 30

Three types of controlling variables must be considered when classifying verbal behavior:

Answer 30

verbal discriminative stimuli, non-verbal discriminative stimuli, and establishing operations.

Question 31

An establishing operation is an environmental event or operation that:

Answer 31

Momentarily increases the reinforcing effectiveness of some particular reinforcement.

Question 32

A physical energy change capable of affecting an organism’s sensory receptors that has a specific form or pattern which, as a unit, has controlling effectiveness and is the result of verbal behavior.

Answer 32

Verbal Stimulus

Question 33

A picture of a dog, or an actual dog itself, is a non-verbal stimulus. Why?

Answer 33

It is a visual stimulus that is not the result of prior verbal behavior.

Question 34

Someone picks up a rock and throws it at you. Seeing the throwing motion and the approaching rock can be considered a visual stimulus that is:

Answer 34

Non-Verbal

Question 35

Someone picks up a rock and throws it at you, but you don’t see the person do it. Your friend says “duck.” The auditory stimulus that results from your friend’s vocal behavior is:

Answer 35

Verbal

Question 36

You are driving down the road and see a sign that says “Beware of falling rocks.” The sign is a visual stimulus that is:

Answer 36

Verbal

Question 37

A bee when it flies produces an auditory stimulus that we call a buzzing sound. That buzzing sound is a(n):

Answer 37

Non-Verbal

Question 38

A doughnut looks a lot like the letter “o” and you tend to say “o” whenever you see a doughnut. The doughnut is a visual stimulus that is:

Answer 38

Non-Verbal

Question 39

You see the word “Pepsi” written in the sky and say “Those are really large letters.” The size of the letters is a visual stimulus feature that is:

Answer 39

Non-Verbal

Question 40

You see the word “Pepsi” written in the sky. The spatial relationships between the letters and their overall pattern is a(n) _______________ stimulus that evokes the response “Pepsi.”

Answer 40

Verbal

Question 41

An environmental change or event that precedes the response to which it is functionally related and increases the effectiveness of a particular stimulus change as reinforcement.

Answer 41

Establishing Operation

Question 42

Features that are irrelevant to classifying an environmental event as an establishing operation include:

Answer 42

The type of environmental event, the cause of the environmental event, and the type of stimulus that gains reinforcing effectiveness.

Question 43

An establishing operation, is typically related to substances that are biologically required by an organism, such as food, water, air, heat, and possibly sexual contact.

Answer 43

Deprivation

Question 44

“I have been too long without a pencil…must acquire pencil soon or I will perish!”

Answer 44

Deprivation

Question 45

If someone shines a bright light in your face, that event makes the stimulus change which results in the light no longer shining in your face an effective reinforcement.

Answer 45

Aversive Stimulation

Question 46

“Um…please stop. Why are you doing this to me?”

Answer 46

Aversive Stimulation

Question 47

The concept of an establishing operation for reinforcement is relatively new and can be difficult to understand. It is helpful to contrast an establishing operation with a:

Answer 47

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 48

For a discriminative stimulus to be effective, the reinforcement must currently be effective. Imagine a water vending machine that costs nothing to use, but only works when the “water” sign is lit up.

Answer 48

For a discriminative stimulus to be effective, the reinforcement must currently be effective. Imagine a water vending machine that costs nothing to use, but only works when the “water” sign is lit up.

Question 49

Your smelly uncle gets out a cigarette and then finds that he does not have any matches or a lighter. Having a cigarette that needs to be lit is an example of a(n):

Answer 49

Establishing Operation

Question 50

You are trying to think of examples of establishing operations and are having a difficult time. Not being able to think of an example is an example of a(n):

Answer 50

Establishing Operation

Question 51

As a result of eating several cups of salted pretzels, you have an increased tendency to ask for water. Eating pretzels is an event that functions as a(n):

Answer 51

Establishing Operation

Question 52

As the result of seeing someone place a glass of water on the table in front of you, you say “water.” Seeing someone place a glass of water on the table is a(n):

Answer 52

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 53

Verbal behavior is classified, by behavior analysts, as which type of behavior?

Answer 53

Operant

Question 54

Which verbal operant is defined as “a label or description” of the world?

Answer 54

Tact

Question 55

Which verbal operant is described here: vocal responding controlled by a visual verbal stimulus, has point to point correspondence, and no formal similarity between the Sd and the response product.

Answer 55

Textual

Question 56

An Sd signals ______ of a reinforcer, whereas an MO changes the _______ of the reinforcer.

Answer 56

availability / value

Question 57

Which elementary verbal operant is the only one in which the MO is the controlling variable?

Answer 57

Mand

Question 58

In using verbal behavior, according to Skinner (2020/1957), the individual acts indirectly on the environment.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Jessica is an 18-mo old typically developing child who can say a few words. She and her mother were walking down the street downtown when they passed by a bakery. Jessica POINTED to a display of doughnut in the window as they walked by and her mother walked inside and bought her a donut. Jessica squealed with excitement and devoured the doughnut! Referring to the bolded words in this scenario, which of the following statements is true?

Answer 59

this is an example of verbal behavior

Question 60

Which of the following examples would be considered ‘vocal’ behavior but NOT ‘vocal verbal’ behavior?

Answer 60

We are at a restaurant, I take a drink and swallow wrong, so I clear my throat

Question 61

June was teaching her student to respond to questions. June asked the student, “What animal has stripes?” The student responds, “a zebra.”

In relation to the response, “a zebra”, this response is a(n) __________ operant.

Answer 61

Intraverbal

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an example containing verbal behavior.

Answer 62

It is lunch time, so you make a sandwich for you and your child

Question 63

Frankie was working with a client who had a difficult time producing speech sounds. After much assessment and many discussions with the client’s team, the decision was made to introduce the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). During training, the initial response the learner was required to do was to simply tap an icon presented on a board to gain access to a desired item.

This type of communication system is considered which of the following?

Answer 63

Selection Based

Question 64

Shayna was walking into a store with her mother and held the door open for her mother to walk through. Her mother responded, “thank you, my dear.”

The underlined phrase is considered which of the following verbal operants?

Answer 64

Tact

Question 65

When children are young, usually before they are able to produce discernable speech sounds (words), they often will point to request. As they begin to develop more and more speech sounds that are reinforced in the social community, they will point less, as the point response is replaced by vocal verbal responses. Which assumption of science does this example most adhere to?

Answer 65

Selectionism

Question 66

Which of the following is the technological description that encompasses a ‘total verbal episode’?

Answer 66

the behavior of both the speaker and listener

Question 67

Toby enjoys watching television before he goes to bed. Every night after dinner has been cleaned up, he sits on the couch and picks up the remote to turn the television on. Tonight, Toby is exceptionally tired and when he sits on the couch, he picks up his PHONE, points it at the television and attempts to turn the television on. The television does not turn on. The bolded words represent which of the following?

Answer 67

stimulus delta