SAFMEDS Flashcards
Positive and Negative
2 Types of Punishment
A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client’s natural environment.
ABC recording
Ability to yield a clear demonstration of the variables that are functionally related to the occurrence of a problem behavior
Advantage of a Functional Analysis (FA)
1) Identify correlations between 2 variables (usually, but not always, time of day and another variable), 2) may identify time periods or time-related variables correlated with behavior.
Advantages of a scatterplot
1) Based on continuous recording and use precise measures 2) in some cases may reflect (not confirm) casual relations, 3) likely to provide useful information for designing a subsequent functional analysis 4) do not require disruption to the person’s routine to conduct.
Advantages of ABC data
1) 0bservations are conducted under naturally occurring conditions (less disruptive to naturally occurring routine, 2) assist in planning of functional analysis.
Advantages of Descriptive Assessment
1) may provide a useful source of information in guiding subsequent, more objective assessments, 2) contribute to the development of hypotheses about variables that might occasion or maintain the behaviors of concern, 3) may be more convenient as they do not require direct observation of problem behavior.
Advantages of Indirect Functional Assessment
Demonstrating a functional relation between a manipulated variable/ event and a reliable change in some measurable dimension of the targeted behavior.
Analytic
An environmental change or stimulus change existing prior to a behavior of interest.
Antecedent
Behavior change tactics based on contingency-independent antecedent events.
Antecedent Interventions
Socially significant for participants (improve their day-to-day life experiences) and/ or socially significant to participant’s significant others (resulting in more positive behavior toward the participant)
Applied
The science in which tactics or methods derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the behavior change.
Applied Behavior Analysis
Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behavior.
Audience
A secondary verbal operant in which some aspect of a speaker’s own verbal behavior functions as an Sd or an MO for additional speaker verbal behavior; verbal behavior about verbal behavior.
Autoclitic
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others.
Automatic Punishment
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
Automatic Reinforcement
To promote an individual’s independence.
Autonomy
A contingency in which responding delays or prevents the presentation of a stimulus.
Avoidance Contingency
A condition of an experiment or control condition in which a specific independent variable is absent (not necessarily absence of treatment).
Baseline
The activity of living organisms.
Behavior
Alteration in the current frequency of behavior as a result of value-altering effect of a motivating operation; either evocative or ablative.
Behavior-altering effect
Studying and precisely measuring the activity of living organisms (physical events) rather than perceptions or descriptions of events
Behavioral
A form of assessment that involves a full range of inquiry methods (observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variables) to identify probable antecedent and consequent controlling or correlated variables.
Behavioral Assessment
A behavior change that has consequences beyond the change itself, some of which may be important; exposes individual to new environments, new contingencies, or new responses
Behavioral Cusp
A type of antecedent intervention in which high-probability request sequences are delivered before a low probability request
Behavioral Momentum
Committee put together following the Miami/ Sundland abuse investigation that helped to draft the first set of guidelines and recommendations to protect and provide oversight to those with disabilities
Blue Ribbon Committee
CRF and EXT
Boundaries for all schedules of reinforcement
A measure of how response rate changes over time; how fast change occurs
Celeration
A specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition. When linked together, the result is a behavior change that produces a terminal outcome. Three types: forward, backward and total task.
Chaining procedures
Any recipient or beneficiary of the professional services provided by the behavior analyst, including direct recipient of services, parent/guardian, employer/ agency representative.
Client
Deriving procedures to change behavior that are based on basic (proven) principles of behavior.
Conceptually Systematic
Two or more contingencies operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.
Concurrent Schedule
The likelihood that a target problem behavior will occur in a given circumstance.
Conditional Probability
Motivating variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of other stimuli, objects or events, but only as a result of the organisms learning history. Three types: surrogate, transitive and reflexive.
Conditioned motivating operations
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.
Conditioned Punisher
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers.
Conditioned Reinforcer
The pairing of stimuli to result in learning; two types: operant and respondent.
Conditioning
Escape, attention, alone, play
Conditions in Iwata et al. (1982/1994) functional analysis
A situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information.
Confidentiality
A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially.
Conflict of Interest
A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
Consequence
Bordering or being in direct contact with something.
Contiguity
Dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables; if this, then that.
Contingency
Exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses.
Contingency Reversal
A schedule that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of behavior (CRF).
Continuous Reinforcement
An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a nonvocal verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the controlling response (SEE-WRITE response).
Copying a Text
Graph on which cumulative number of responses are represented on vertical axis.
Cumulative Record
Product of measurement
Data
The variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior
Dependent Variable
Direct observation of problem behavior and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions.
Descriptive Functional Behavior Assessment
The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomenon occur in relation to other events and not willy-nilly, or in accidental fashion.
Determinism
An elementary verbal operant involving a written response that is evoked by an auditory verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence but no formal similarity between the stimulus and the response product (HEAR-WRITE Response)
Dictation
Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction
Differential Reinforcement
A procedure in which the practitioner reinforces occurrences of a behavior that provides a desirable and functionally-equivalent alternative to the problem behavior but is not necessarily incompatible with it and withholds reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior.
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
A procedure in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals.
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)
A procedure in which the practitioner reinforces a behavior that can not occur simultaneously with the problem behavior and withholds reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior.
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement (a) follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (spaced-responding), or (b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion (full-session)
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Behavior (DRL)
A procedure in which the practitioner reinforces whenever the problem behavior has not occurred during or at specific times. Procedural variations include interval and momentary schedules. Also referred to as omission training.
Differential reinforcement of zero rates (DRO)
Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response (also called restricted operant or controlled operant); contrast with free operant.
Discrete trial
An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.
Discriminated Operant
A stimulus in the presence of which a response has been reinforced in the past and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; contrast with SΔ/ stimulus delta.
Discriminative stimulus (Sd)
A stimulus in the presence of which a response has been punished in the past and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been punished
Discriminative stimulus for punishment (Sdp)
“A CORE Ethical Principle that states that no emotional, physical or psychological harm to a client is first priority.
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DO NO HARM
A measure of the total extent of time in which a behavior occurs.
Duration
An elementary verbal operant involving an auditory response that is evoked by an auditory verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response; (HEAR-SAY Response).
Echoic
Producing large enough behavior change for practical value.
Effective
1) slow to moderate rates of responding with a post reinforcement pause, 2) responding begins to accelerate toward the end of the interval. Produces an effect called scallop.
Effects of Fixed Interval Schedule
1) high rate of response, 2) little hesitation between responses, 3) post -reinforcement pause
Effects of Fixed Ratio Schedule
1) slow to moderate response rate that is constant and stable, 2) no post-reinforcement pause
Effects of Variable Interval Schedule
1) very high rate of response and little hesitation between responses, 2) no post-reinforcement pause
Effects of Variable Ratio Schedule
The objective (direct) observation of the phenomenon of interest
Empiricism
The conglomerate of circumstances in which an individual exists and is demonstrating behavior.
Environment
Gradually fading instructional stimuli (response or stimulus prompts) in order to minimize or prevent errors.
Errorless learning
A contingency in which responding terminates an ongoing stimulus.
Escape Contingency
Escape responses no longer provide reinforcement as a result of escape attempts being blocked.
Escape Extinction
Behaviors, practices, and decisions that address such basic and fundamental questions as: What is the right thing to do? What’s worth doing? What does it mean to be a good behavior analytic practitioner?
Ethics
A treatment or intervention method that has been demonstrated to be effective through substantial, high-quality scientific research.
Evidence Based Treatment
Response cost, time-out from positive reinforcement.
Examples of Negative Punishment Procedures
Reprimand, response blocking, contingent exercise, overcorrection, contingent electric stimulation.
Examples of Positive Punishment Procedures
An outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation.
Experimental Control
The particular type and sequence of conditions in a study employed so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence of the independent variable can be made.
Experimental Design
The use of experiments, or carefully controlled comparisons of the phenomenon of interest, to identify relations between variables.
Experimentation
A situation where one individual takes advantage of another whom he/ she has power over (supervisees, subordinates) unjustly for his/ her own benefit; creates a conflict of interest.
Exploitive Relationships
Initial increase in response frequency upon implementation or occurrence of extinction.
Extinction Burst
A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced.
Fixed Interval (FI)
A schedule of reinforcement that requires a fixed number of responses to be completed before a response produces reinforcement.
Fixed ratio (FR)
Behaving with speed and accuracy.
Fluency
In verbal behavior, controlling stimulus and response product are in the same sense mode and resemble each other (implies point to point correspondence)
Formal Similarity
An operant behavior (response) that is emitted without any constraints or prompts; contrast with discrete trial.
Free Operant
A teaching tactic in which the teacher arranges for learning opportunities in which the learner can emit the target response at almost any time without constraint.
Free operant arrangement
behavior-environment interactions described as positive or negative reinforcement contingencies; include social positive reinforcement (attention), tangible reinforcement, automatic positive reinforcement; social negative reinforcement (escape), and automatic negative reinforcement
Function of Behavior
An analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behavior, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person’s natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behavior can be observed and measured; typically consists of four conditions: three test conditions - contingent attention, contingent escape, and alone - and a control condition in which problem behavior is expected to be low because reinforcement is freely available and no demands are placed on the person. Each condition contains a motivating operation (MO) and a potential source of reinforcement.
Functional Analysis (FA)
A systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior.
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
