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ABA > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Assumption
This philosophy guides our practices – without a belief in this philosophy, there would not be a point to our practices

A

Determinism

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2
Q

Human behaviour obeys the laws of nature
Behaviour acts as other natural events do
All events are related to other events in the past
Subject to scientific exploration and investigation

A

Determinism

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3
Q

There is order in the universe
Order allows scientific exploration
Scientific inquiry comes from…
The opposite of accidentalism

A

Determinism

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4
Q

One event is caused by another
Links in a chain

A

Determinism

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5
Q

Things do not happen by chance
example: an explosion is caused by gas expanding and chemical mixing

A

Determinism

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6
Q

A prime directive

A

Empiricism

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7
Q

Observation, measurement, gathering objective facts

A

Empiricism

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8
Q

Relying on observable facts and not opinions
Direct observation and measurement

A

Empiricism

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9
Q

To understand something we must describe, predict, and control it

A

Empiricism

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10
Q

Free from bias
In the sense of saying something is or isn’t true based upon personal prejudice or opinion
Multiple people can observe the same event

A

Empiricism

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11
Q

Requires clear description of the phenomena so that observation can occur unbiased

A

Empiricism

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12
Q

Yields qualification of the results
Crosses over all 3 levels of scientific understanding: Description, Prediction, Control

A

Empiricism

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13
Q

A basic strategy

A

Experimentation

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14
Q

Conduct experiments, systematically measuring aspects of the phenomena of interest

A

Experimentation

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15
Q

Used to determine functional relations
Required in scientific inquiry
Systematic and controlled

A

Experimentation

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16
Q

Manipulate one (environmental) variable and keep other variables constant

A

Experimentation

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17
Q

What is manipulated in a scientific experiment; variables that are typically thought to have some effect on the dependent variable

A

Independent Variable

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18
Q

The measured variable; the variable that is affected/dependent upon the IV; not manipulated but observed
In behaviour analysis, this is usually the “behaviour”

A

Dependent Variable

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19
Q

A necessary requirement for believability

A

Replication

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20
Q

Not the infallibility or inherent honesty of scientists – is the primary reason science is a self-correcting enterprise that eventually gets it right

A

Replication

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21
Q

Repeating an experiment as many times as necessary to show same/similar results
Successful results of one experiment = great!
However, value is placed on repeated application yielding same results

A

Replication

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22
Q

Within one experiment (e.g. a design repeating each condition/intervention twice)
Across many experiments (e.g. across different participants, behaviours etc.)

A

Replication

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23
Q

Manipulation of variables

A

Experimentation

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24
Q

Change in one variable to see how it effects the other variable

A

Experimentation

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25
Q

How blood pressure (DV) changes due to the change of water intake (IV)

A

Experimentation

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26
Q

Being able to repeat something done once

A

Replication

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27
Q

Re-introduce variable / intervention to see effects on results across multiple experiments and people to have believability in hypothesis

A

Replication

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28
Q

Tanya recently began working with a client who is 3 years old. She saw in his file that he has had several different types of assessments conducted on his behavior in his short life. She reviewed the different assessments and came to the conclusion that his problem behaviors allow him to escape difficult demands. This is an example of experimentation

A

False. She only made a prediction, she did not control variables

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29
Q

Andre was examining the problem behavior of yelling for one of her clients. After clearly defining the behavior, she asked the staff at the group home to record when the behavior occurred based upon the definition of the behavior she provided (and trained) them. Which attitude of science did Andre adhere to?

A

Empiricism; objective observation and measurement of the phenomenon

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30
Q

A conservative value

A

Parsimony

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31
Q

Simple, logical explanations chosen over more complex or abstract

A

Parsimony

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32
Q

Frugality
Simple and logical (as compared to other explanations)
Requires the fewest assumptions
Occam’s Razor

A

Parsimony

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33
Q

We do not want to jump to complex assumptions without first ruling out simplest explanation

A

Parsimony

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34
Q

A guiding conscience

A

Philosophic Doubt

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35
Q

Healthy level of scepticism

A

Philosophic Doubt

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36
Q

Helps with process of being self correcting

A

Philosophic Doubt

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37
Q

Questions facts given starts process of empiricism

A

Philosophic Doubt

38
Q

Always question
Science must continue to question and answer
Question your own and others’ findings
Yields additional information and keeps the science growing
Discussion later on in the Module – more there!

A

Philosophic Doubt

39
Q

What you understand being practiced

A

Pragmatism

40
Q

Theory being put into practice

A

Pragmatism

41
Q

Practical application; seeing and doing; hands-on science

A

Pragmatism

42
Q

Application of what we know to what we see

A

Pragmatism

43
Q

Skinner first was a ‘realist’ (realism) then shifted into pragmatism as he began to conduct laboratory experiments
Methodological behaviourism was more realism
Radical behaviourism was pragmatism

A

Pragmatism

44
Q

“Making sense out of our experiments” (Baum, 2005, p.1)
Reliable scientific predictions and control are possible
Creates an efficient science where we all don’t need to rediscover
Economical communication
Emphasises talk, terms, and descriptions

A

Pragmatism

45
Q

Jenny has noticed that her dog is often lazy after mealtimes. Her husband says it is probably because he has eaten too much food. Jenny thinks this sounds reasonable but still wonders whether there could be another explanation for it. Jenny is engaging in:

A

Philosophic doubt; questions of facts

46
Q

Consistent results time and time again

A

Lawfulness of behavior

47
Q

Given perfect experimental control, you would always get the same results because behaviour is lawful

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

48
Q

Falls within determinism but goes further

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

49
Q

Expect behavior to start the same if environment events stays the same

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

50
Q

Phenomenon is predictable

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

51
Q

Contained within a deterministic view
World is lawful

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

52
Q

Must separately adhere to behaviour (specifically) being lawful
World is lawful, therefore behaviour is lawful
Behaviour acts the same as other events/variables/phenomenon; its not subject to a different understanding

A

Lawfulness of Behavior

53
Q

The theory that all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function, or consequences

A

Selectionism

54
Q

Phylogeny, ontogeny, cultural

A

Selectionism

55
Q

We engage in certain things due to the consequences we have experienced

A

Selectionism

56
Q

Siblings raised in the same household grow up with different personalities from consequence experience

A

Selectionism

57
Q

The environment selects our behaviours

A

Selectionism

58
Q

Behaviours you emit differ than those I emit due to our varied experiences
Contact with reinforcement, punishment, extinction

A

Selectionism

59
Q

Behaviours enter your repertoire due to a species-specific outcome
Reflexive behaviours
Behaviours that ensure the survival of the species
Consistent across species; Darwin

A

Phylogeny

60
Q

Behaviours enter your repertoire throughout your lifetime due to contact with reinforcement, punishment, extinction
Operant behaviour

A

Ontogeny

61
Q

Which philosophical assumption is considered a prime directive?

A

Empiricism; how we are focusing phenomenon of interest

62
Q

Tianna was walking down the street and noticed the individual in front of her tripped on a loose brick on the sidewalk. She stopped and helped the woman up. Belle was also walking down the street and noticed that the woman tripped but kept walking. Which philosophical assumption explains the difference in responses?

A

Selectionism; due to history of consequences, Tiana stopped and Belle did not

63
Q

What are the levels of scientific understanding

A

Description, prediction, and control (control is the highest level)

64
Q

Which attitude of science refers to ruling out the explanation with the simplest/fewest assumptions?

A

Parsimony

65
Q

Which attitude of science acknowledges an individual’s history of learning and that behaviours are chosen based on this history?

A

Selectionism

66
Q

Which attitude of science refers to engaging in objective, unbiased observation of phenomenon?

A

Empiricism

67
Q

Investigates socially significant behaviours with immediate importance to the participant and those close to the participant​

Ask yourself: What is the value of the skill being addressed?

A

Applied

68
Q

Example: best way someone can use division problems
Non Example: Social preference of a species of birds

A

Applied

69
Q

The behaviour must be measurable, observable​

Precise measurement of the actual behaviour in need of improvement

A

Behavioral

70
Q

Dead man’s test (more on this next class) ​

Ask yourself: Is this a behaviour and can I observe it?

A

Behavioral

71
Q

Establishing a functional control

A

Analytic

72
Q

Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behaviour​

Functional relationship does exist

A

Analytic

73
Q

Manipulating variables to see the effect on phenomenon of interest​

Ask yourself: is there data and control over variables?

A

Analytic

74
Q

Changing the IV for the Dv

A

Analytic

75
Q

Which of the following dimensions indicates that a study is addressing goals that are meaningful to the client’s life and independence?

A

Applied

76
Q

Able to replicate a study

A

Technological

77
Q

Written description of all the procedures in the study needs to be sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate

A

Technological

78
Q

All operative procedures are identified and described in detail and clarity​

Ask yourself: Is there any missing info?

A

Technological

79
Q

Behaviour change interventions are derived from the basic principles of behaviour

A

Conceptually Systematic

80
Q

Ask yourself: Is the intervention based on reinforcement, extinction, punishment, MO or stimulus control?

A

Conceptually Systematic

81
Q

Clinically significant effects make a meaningful difference

A

Effective

82
Q

Refers to practical results – has the intervention shown to be effective or not​

Ask yourself: is the change big enough?

A

Effective

83
Q

Compare results to baseline to see if change was “big” enough

A

Effective

84
Q

Which of the following dimensions ensures that a study or intervention is based on the foundations of behaviour analysis?

A

Conceptually Systematic

85
Q

Behaviour change should be maintained over time, transfer to other settings and/or people, and/or spread to other behaviours​

Once the intervention has been removed/faded off!

A

Generality

86
Q

Focuses on lasting effects over time. Has the intervention been tested over time?​

Ask yourself: did the change last?

A

Generality

87
Q

Which example below best describes implementation of a tactic technologically?

A

The researchers provided a break for every 2 correct responses the student emitted

88
Q

A study was conducted to test out a training protocol for staff working with adults in a residential home. The study included a step-by-step description of the training protocol, how the staff would be reinforced and any remediation procedures required. Which dimension of ABA does this adhere to?

A

Technological

89
Q

The study was able to identify the success of the training protocol by identifying functional relation – when the intervention was implemented, staff showed a change in performance and when the intervention was withdrawn, staff performance returned to baseline levels. They were able to rule out other factors causing this change. What dimension of ABA does this adhere to?

A

Analytic

90
Q
A

ABA (31 decks)

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