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NBB Test 1 > Ventricles and Meninges > Flashcards

Ventricles and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

Clear, colorless fluid with a volume of approximately 140 mL

A

Cerebrospinal Fuid (CSF)

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2
Q

CSF is replaced

A

2-3 times per day

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3
Q

CSF is located in the subarachnoid space around the brain and in the ventricles where it is produced by the

A

Choroid plexus

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4
Q

Protects against sudden movements and maintains constant intracranial pressure

A

CSF

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5
Q

Has some antibacterial properties and controls the extracellular fluid of the brain

A

CSF

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6
Q

Allow free movement of CSF between ventricles

A

Ependymal cells w/ adhering junctions

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7
Q

Enables exchange of CSF outside of the brain

A

Pia matter

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8
Q

CSF is produced by the

A

Choroid plexus

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9
Q

The choroid plexus is located on the edges of the

A

Lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the 4th ventricle

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10
Q

Choroidal Arteries penetrate into ventricles and form the

A

Choroid plexus

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11
Q

The choroid plexus is made up of which three components?

A

Endothelial wall of choroidal capillaries, scattered pial cells, and choroidal epithelium

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12
Q

Fenestrated and provide no barrier

A

Endothelial wall of the choroidal capillaries

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13
Q

Creates a blood-CSF barrier by tight junctions

A

Choroidal epithelium

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14
Q

Active transport, ion exchange mechanisms determines flow of molecules (e.g., Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg++, folates) through the

A

Choroidal epithelium

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15
Q

Small evaginations of arachnoid into sinus

A

Arachnoid Villae

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16
Q

Large villi are called

A

Arachnoid granulations

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17
Q

Giant vacuoles engulf

A

CSF materials

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18
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia

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19
Q

Made up of two layers, the periosteal and meningeal layers

-Called pachymeninges

A

Dura

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20
Q

Combined are called leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid and Pia Matter

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21
Q

Enlarged areas of subarachnoid space

A

Cisterns

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22
Q

What are the three perimesencephalic cisterns?

A

Interpeduncular, Quadrigeminal, and Ambient Cisterns

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23
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture performed in

  1. ) Adults
  2. ) Children
A
  1. ) L3-L4

2. ) L4-L5

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24
Q

When we measure CSF pressure. Normal pressure in the lying position is

A

Less than 20 cm (200mm) H2O

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25
Q

We want to obtain samples of CSF for which 4 things?

A
  1. ) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  2. ) Infections like meningitis
  3. ) Guillain-Barre
  4. ) MS
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26
Q

Folds of inner dural layer between brain regions

A

Dural Folds

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27
Q

What are the 4 dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri, Falx cerebelli, Tentorium cerebelli, and Diaphragm Sellae

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28
Q

Located in between cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure

A

Falx cerebri

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29
Q

Located in between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Falx cerebelli

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30
Q

Located in between the posterior cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

A

Tantorium cerebelli

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31
Q

The circular fold beneatht he brain that covers the sella turcica

A

Diaphragm sellae

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32
Q

What are the three compartments formed from the dural folds?

A

Supratentorial, infratentorial, and posterior fossa

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33
Q

Meningeal irritation is called

A

Meningismus

34
Q

Many pain receptors innervate dura, arachnoid, pia and arteries in

A

Subarachnoid space

35
Q

Potential space between the dura and the skull

A

Epidural space

36
Q

Potential space between the dura and arachnoid

A

Subdural space

37
Q

Real space where the major arteries and veins are found

A

Subarachnoid space

38
Q

There is an “actual” epidural space around the

A

Spinal cord

39
Q

Hematoma between the skull and dura

A

Epidural hematoma

40
Q

Hematoma between the dura and arachnoid matter

A

Subdural hematoma

41
Q

Results from trauma to the skull. Usually from the middle meningeal artery

A

Epidural hematoma

42
Q

15% of epidural hematomas may also be from

A

Sinuses

43
Q

Characterized by a “lense shaped” structure on MRI

A

Epidural hematoma

44
Q

Patients often exhibit period of lucidity before severe symptoms with an

A

Epidural hematoma

45
Q

Due to tearing of bridging veins which often occurs during rapid accelerations

A

Subdural hematoma

46
Q

Shows a characteristic crescent-shape on MRI

-symptoms may progress over longer periods of time

A

Subdural hematoma

47
Q

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space usually secondary to head trauma

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

48
Q

Can be from bleeding from an A-V malformation or ruptured aneurysm

A

Non-traumatic subarachnoid hematoma

49
Q

Classic presentation is sudden-onset, severe headache (from meningeal irritation)

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

50
Q

Responsible for 80% of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

Cerebral aneurysm

51
Q

Form when the vessel wall is weakened, and can burst under conditions of increased pressure

A

Aneurysms

52
Q

Most aneurysms occur in the “anterior circulation” supplied by the

A

Internal carotid artery

53
Q

Subarachnoid hemmorhage can also be diagnosed by the presence of blood in

A

CSF

54
Q

Comprises the exiting fibers that will make the Optic Nerve (CN II), retinal artery and vein

A

Optic disk

55
Q

The most important sign of increased ICP is

A

Papilledema

56
Q

Results when a tumor in temporal lobe causes temporal lobe to herniate through tentorial Notch

A

Transtentorial and central herniation (Uncal herniation)

57
Q

When a subdural hematoma causes the cingulate gyrus to herniate below the falx cerebri

A

Subfalcine herniation

58
Q

When a cerebellar tumor causes the cerebellum to herniate through the foramen magnum

A

Tonsillar herniation

59
Q

“Water in the head”

-Condition characterized by excess CSF

A

Hydrocephalus

60
Q

Enlargement of the ventricles seen on neuroimaging with hydrocephalus

A

Ventriculomegaly

61
Q

Ventriculomegaly is caused by increased CSF and can lead to damage to

A

White matter (Like corpus Callosum)

62
Q

What are the two types of hydrocephalus?

A
  1. ) Communicating

2. ) Non-communicating

63
Q

CSF can move from lateral ventricles to subarachnoid space but can not be drained from subarachnoid space

A

Comminicating Hydrocephalus

64
Q

When flow of CSFis obstructed within the ventricular system and CSF can not enter subarachnoid space

A

Non-communicating (obstructive) Hydrocephalus

65
Q

Two major signs of hydrocephalus are especially present in the morning. These are

A

Headache and Vomiting

66
Q

The most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in children

A

Aqueductal stenosis

67
Q

A patient presents with headache, mental slowing, papilledema, and difficulty in upward gaze may have

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus

68
Q

Another common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus is

A

Blocked foramen of Magendie and Luschka

69
Q

Congenital hindbrain anatomic anomoliesassociated with the downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem or craniocervicaljunction

A

Chiari malformations I-IV

70
Q

Inferior cerebellum (tonsils) herniate through foramen magnum with

A

Chiari Malformation

71
Q

Symptoms usually in adults, caused by compression of medulla and upper spinal cord, (2) compression of cerebellum, and (3) disruption of CSF flow through foramen magnum

A

Chiari malformations

72
Q

Chiari malformations produce

A

Hydrocephalus

73
Q

The most common chiari malformation

A

Chiari I

74
Q

Less common and shows significant herniation through the foramen magnum

-usually a comorbidity of meningomyocele

A

Chiari II

75
Q

A choroid plexus papilloma that causes the overproduction of CSF is a rare cause of

A

Communicating Hydrocephalus

76
Q

Decreased CSF reabsorption due to arachnoid granulation damage or clogging from infection or hemorrhage is another cause of

A

Communicating Hydrocephalus

77
Q

A treatment for chronis hydrocephalus where surgeons insert tubes that let the cerebrospinal fluid drain out of the brain into the abdomen, where the body reabsorbs it

A

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting

78
Q

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting prevents

A

Brain damage

79
Q

Has the classic triad of symptoms: Gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence

A

Normal Pressure hydrocephalus

80
Q

Shows swollen ventricles with no increased ICP or papilledema. Only in the elderly

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

81
Q

Usually the first symptom of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Gait disturbance (Magnetic Gait)

82
Q

Ventriculomegaly secondary to brian tissue loss

  • No increase in ICP
  • Not pathological
A

Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo

NBB Test 1 (20 decks)

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