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NBB Test 1 > Upper Motor Neurons > Flashcards

Upper Motor Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Ideas (motivation and planning) arise in the

A

Frontal lobe

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2
Q

Motor planning(organization of the movement) arises in the

A

Premotor areas

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3
Q

Informtation about spatial relationships arises in the

A

Posterior parietal cortex (parietal association cortex)

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4
Q

Where somatosensory and visual information are integrated

A

Posterior parietal cortex (parietal association cortex)

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5
Q

Difficulty in using body part to perform complex voluntary actions

A

Apraxia

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6
Q

Caused by lesions in premotoror posterior parietal cortex

A

Apraxia

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7
Q

Tested by asking patients to do things such as grasp a pencil or button a shirt

A

Apraxia

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8
Q

Project to SC and brainstem α-motor neurons and interneurons in lamina VIII and IX

A

Descending pathways

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9
Q

There are two groups of descending pathways. What do the following innervate:

  1. ) Medial pathways
  2. ) Lateral Pathways
A
  1. ) Proximal motor neurons (proximal muscles)

2. ) Distal motor neurons (distal muscles)

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10
Q

Upper motor neurons descend from the

A

Cortex or brainstem

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11
Q

The primary pathwayfor goal-directed movements

A

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)

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12
Q

Only descending pathway to project directlyto α-motor neurons of distal muscles

A

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)

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13
Q

The Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract) is the only pathway for

A

Fine movements of the fingers

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14
Q

The motor cortex is organized

A

Somatotropically

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15
Q

Project directly to motor neurons in the motor cortex

A

Large Betz Cells

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16
Q

The corticospinal tract can be disrupted in many places. But a common site for stroke is in the

A

Internal Capsule (affects posterior limb)

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17
Q

Projects directly and indirectly to motor neurons and motor interneurons in the lateral ventral horn (to distal muscles)

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract (LCST)

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18
Q

Projects bilaterally to motor neurons and interneurons in the medial ventral horn (to proximal and trunk muscles)

A

ACST

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19
Q

The corticospinal tracts contribute to both the

A

Lateral and medial motor systems

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20
Q

Located in lateral funiculus, near to motor neurons to extremities

A

Lateral Motor Systems

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21
Q

Located in ventral funiculus, close to trunk motor neurons for proximal muscles

A

Medial Motor Systems

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22
Q

Major pathway for voluntary movements of the limbs

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

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23
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract is the only pathway for

A

Fine finger movements

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24
Q

Voluntary motor weakness (distal > proximal) on one side of the body are the major deficits with

A

LCST lesions

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25
Q

What is a sign that suggests LCST lesion?

A

Babinski sign

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26
Q

Lesions above the spinal cord produce

A

Contralateral deficits

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27
Q

Lesions of the spinal cord produce symptoms on the

A

Same side as lesion

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28
Q

Are always BELOW the level of the lesion

A

Deficits

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29
Q

Elicited by stroking the lateral plantar surface (the sole) of the foot

-The same reflex is seen in babies before the corticospinal tract is myelinated

A

Babinski Tests (Extensor plantar response)

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30
Q

These brainstem centers are used for responding to stimuli or movement errors, and to control postures and tone

A

Midbrain centers, Pontine Centers, and Medullary Centers

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31
Q

Most brainstem pathways are located in the

A

Medial Motor Systems

32
Q

Most brainstem pathways are in the medial motor systems. Some of them only project as far as the

A

Cervical Spinal Cord

33
Q

Project mainly ipsilaterally (some bilateral) to medial α-motor neurons throughout the length of the spinal cord

A

Reticulospinal Tracts

34
Q

Contribute to posture and gait-related movements

A

Reticulospinal Tracts

35
Q

Generate feed forward preparatory muscle activation

-Contribute to muscle tone

A

Reticulospinal Tracts

36
Q

An elaborate sensory system in the inner ear with specialized receptors that monitor head position, movement and acceleration

A

Vestibular System

37
Q

Both pathways project to the medial ventral horn

A

Lateral and Medial Vestibulospinal Tracts

38
Q

Projects ipsilaterally to medial LMNs to proximal muscles.

-Especially facilitates extensor muscles in response to deviations from stable balance and upright balance

A

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

39
Q

The lateral Vestibulospinal tract projects to the

A

Entire Spinal Cord

40
Q

Projects bilaterally to controls (restores) head position in response to accelerations

A

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

41
Q

The medial vestibulospinal tract projects only to the

A

Cervical Spinal Cord

42
Q

Tonic Activity in the reticulospinal tract and vestibulospinal tract facilitate

A

Muscle tone

43
Q

Originates in the superior colliculus and crosses in the midbrain

A

Tectospinal tract

44
Q

The tectospinal tract is in the

A

Medial Motor System

45
Q

Generates orienting movements of the head to visual or auditory stimuli. It also helps to coordinate the eyes and head

A

Tectospinal tract

46
Q

Originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain

-Crosses in the midbrain

A

Rubrospinal Tract

47
Q

Travels next to LCST in the spinal cord Only extends to the cervical spinal cord

A

Rubrospinal Tract

48
Q

The rubrospinal tract facilitates

A

Flexor muscles more than extensor muscles

49
Q

Initial shut-down of spinal circuits that lasts several days

A

Upper motor neuron lesions (UMNs)

50
Q

The most extreme and long lasting UMN is

A

Spinal Shock (after spinal cord injury)

51
Q

Occurs with severe hyper-reflexia: 5-7 Hz oscillation when the muscle is rapidly stretched and then held at a constant length

A

Clonus

52
Q

UMN syndrome from right sided stroke will affect

A

Left side (Will see Babinski)

53
Q

Velocity-dependent: less resistance to slow movement compared to fast

A

Hypertonia in UMN lesions

54
Q

Initial resistance followed by inhibition of the muscle (possibly due to golgi-tendon response) seen in UMN lesions

A

Clasp-knife response

55
Q

In lesions above brainstem, we see which type of posture?

A

Decorticate

56
Q

Variations on the posturing depends on the level of brain damage. This can be seen in patients who are

A

Comatose

57
Q

Spreading of movements: movement of one part of the body produces movements in other parts of the body. (they may mirror). You may see this in children, foot flexion, and hand flexion

A

UMN syndrome symptom

58
Q

What is a positive sign for a UMN?

A

Hoffman’s sign

59
Q

By holding the patient’s finger loosely and flicking the fingernail downward, it will cause the finger to rebound into extension, if the thumb flexes and adducts, it is a positive

A

Hoffman’s sign

60
Q

Corticobulbar tract innervation is mostly

A

Bilateral

61
Q

One exception is that the corticobulbar tract innervation is contralateral to

A

CNVII motor neurons to lower nucleus of VII

62
Q

These CNVII motor neurons to lower nucleus of VII go to the

A

Lower face

63
Q

Another exception is that that corticobulbar tract innervation is mostly contralateral to

A

CN XII

64
Q

Lesions to one corticobulbar tract produce the following deficit

A

Paralysis to contralateral lower face and some paralysis to opposite tongue

65
Q

From a bilateral standpoint, lesions to the corticobulbar tract produce

A

Dysphagia and Dysarthria

66
Q

What is innervation to CN VII for the:

  1. ) Upper face
  2. ) Lower face
A
  1. ) Bilateral

2. ) Contralateral

67
Q

What are four causes of Upper motor neuron syndrome?

A

Trauma, Stroke, MS, and ALS

68
Q

At birth, is the motor system fully developed?

A

No

69
Q

How many years does it take for complete myelination?

A

2

70
Q

What are the three primitive resources present at birth?

A

Palmar grasp reflex, rooting reflex, and moro reflex

71
Q

The primitive reflexes should disappear by

A

3-6 Months

72
Q

A variety of non-progressive neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood

A

Cerebral Palsy

73
Q

Permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination

A

Cerebral Palsy

74
Q

Ischemia at birth, hypoperfusion, trauma, and hemorrhage are all causes of

A

Cerebral palsy

75
Q

75% of the time, cerebral palsy presents with

A

Hemiplegia, Diplegia, or Quadriplegia

76
Q

15% of the time, cerebral palsy presents with

A

Ataxia

NBB Test 1 (20 decks)

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