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NBB Test 1 > Organization of the CNS > Flashcards

Organization of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Are exciteable and conductive

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Provide output to muscles, glands (PNS), and other neurons (CNS)

A

Neuron Terminals

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3
Q

Generate action potentials

A

Neuronal Axons

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4
Q

Insulates axons and increases conduction velocity

A

Myelin

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5
Q

The “trigger zone” of the neuron

A

Axon Hillock

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6
Q

Carry sensory information from the periphery

-Associated with receptors

A

PNS Afferents

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7
Q

The cells bodies of PNS afferents are usually in the

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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8
Q

Carry (usually) motor signals to skeletal and smooth muscle

A

PNS Efferents

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9
Q

The cell bodies of PNS efferents are in the

A

Central Nervous System

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10
Q

CNS neurons are mostly

A

Interneurons

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11
Q

Interneurons form connections within the

A

CNS

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12
Q

Connect to neurons in the immediate region

A

Local Interneurons

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13
Q

Project to more distant areas of the CNS

A

Projection interneurons

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14
Q

Receiving areas of neurons can be large or small and vary in dimension. More inputs to a neuron means more

A

Convergence

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15
Q

Number of outputs from axon terminals reflects

A

Divergence

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16
Q

Convergence of information enables integration of

A

Inhibitory and exciteatory information

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17
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies called in the

  1. ) CNS
  2. ) PNS
A
  1. ) Nucleus

2. ) Ganglia

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18
Q

Is mainly cell bodies and synapses

A

Grey matter

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19
Q

Are myelinated axons

A

White matter

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20
Q

Grey and white matter are reversed in the

A

Spinal cord

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21
Q

In the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem, the combined ratio of glial cells to neurons is is

A

11.35

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22
Q

What are the three non-neuronal cells in the CNS?

A

Ependymal, Macroglia, and Microglia

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23
Q

Line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain (ventricles) and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal Cells

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24
Q

What are the two types of macroglia?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

Phagocytes, active after injury, infection or disease in the CNS

-Produce growth factors

A

Microglia (5-20% of glial population)

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26
Q

Form the glial membrane

-an important component of Blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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27
Q

In the blood-brain barrier, control K+ and modulate the vascular tone in the brain, controlling cerebral blood flow

A

Astrocytes

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28
Q

Astrocytes remove K+ from extracellular fluid at nodes of Ranvier during

A

Action potentials

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29
Q

Astrocytes remove neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts, which prevents

A

Glutamate excitotoxicity

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30
Q

Communicate through gliotransmitters(D-serine, glutamate, ATP) in response to adjacent synaptic activity

A

Astrocytes

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31
Q

Produce neurotropic factors and also produce scar tissue in response to CNS injury

A

Astrocytes

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32
Q

Changes in neurons and pathways in response to experience

A

Neuroplasticity

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33
Q

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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34
Q

Comprised of the spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and cranial nerves

A

PNS

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35
Q

Components:

  1. Motor efferents to muscle
  2. Autonomic efferents to viscera*
  3. Sensory afferents from skin, muscle, joints, visceral receptors
A

Spinal nerves

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36
Q

Sends motor efferents to muscle and autonomic efferents to viscera

A

Spinal nerves

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37
Q

In the thoracic and upper lumbar regions, spinal nerves are

A

Sympathetic

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38
Q

In the sacral region, spinal nerves are

A

Parasympathetic

39
Q

Form peripheral nerves made up of connective tissue and fascicles with afferents and efferents

A

Spinal Nerves

40
Q

Fluid filled cavities in every region of the central nervous system Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Ventricles

41
Q

The spinal cord extends from the

A

Foramen magnum to the L1 vertebral body

42
Q

Has white matter pathways

A

Spinal cord

43
Q

For the long tracts, the sensory pathways are made up of

A

3 Neurons

44
Q

Spinal cord lesions that interrupt motor pathways can cause

A

Paralysis

45
Q

What are the two types of spinal cord reflex circuits?

A
  1. ) Simple (monosynaptic): Stretch reflex

2. ) Complex (multiple synapses): Flexor withdrawal reflex

46
Q

The “little brain” dorsal to the brainstem

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

The cerebellum functions in

A

Movement and balance

48
Q

Damage to the cerebellum causes

A

Ataxia (Disordered movement)

49
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A
  1. ) Medulla
  2. ) Pons
  3. ) Midbrain
50
Q

Most of the cranial nerves exit on the

A

Ventral surface of brainstem

51
Q

The ventral surface of the brainstem contains the

A

Cerebral peduncles and pyramid

52
Q

The cerebral peduncle is located in the

A

Midbrain

53
Q

The pyramid is located in the

A

Medulla

54
Q

The transition between the spinal cord and brainstem

A

Medulla

55
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves are part of the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI, and XII

56
Q

Responsible for the regulation of body homeostasis, such as HR, respiration, vasomotor tone, and gastric secretions

A

Nuclei of the medulla

57
Q

Damage to the medulla =

A

Death

58
Q

Vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and gagging are reflexes related to the

A

Medulla

59
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves are part of the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

60
Q

The pons is responsible for

A

Balance, sound localization, eye movement, and coordination

61
Q

Is a large pathway into the cerebellum

A

Pons

62
Q

Located at the top of the brainstem

A

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

63
Q

Which 2 cranial nerves are part of the midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

64
Q

The nuclei of the midbrain are responsible for

A

Visual reflexes and motor control

65
Q

Has dopamine projections to the cortical areas of the cortex

A

Midbrain

66
Q

These dopamine projections are significant for

A

Movement and “reward”

67
Q

Has a net-like appearance and passes through the core of the brianstem

A

Reticular formation

68
Q

The reticular formation includes projections to the

A

Cortex or spinal cord

69
Q

Rostral projections from the pons and midbrain (pontomesencephalic)

A

Reticular activating system

70
Q

The reticular activating system projections controls

A

Attention, arousal, sleep, and wakefulness

71
Q

Can lead to loss of consciousness and Coma

A

Lesions of the reticular formation

72
Q

Major relay station for all inputs to the cortex

-examples: sensory (except olfactory), motor areas

A

Thalamus

73
Q

Projections to the cortex are called

A

Thalmocortical radiations

74
Q

The diencephalon is made up of the

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

75
Q

The cerebral hemisphere is called the

A

Telencephalon

76
Q

The elevations in the cerebral hemisphere

A

Gyri

77
Q

The depressions in the cerebral hemisphere

A

Sulci

78
Q

The deepest depressions are called

A

Fissures

79
Q

What are the two major sulci?

A

Sylvian fissure and Central sulcus

80
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic

81
Q

Responsible fro planning, organizing, and controlling behavior

A

Frontal lobe

82
Q

Responsible for Sensory perception of self and the world

A

Parietal lobe

83
Q

The occipital lobe is responsible for

A

Visual processing

84
Q

Responsible for auditory (superior), visual (middle) and memory (medial) processing

A

Temporal lobe

85
Q

Responsible for emotional processing and memory consolidation

A

Limbic lobe

86
Q

The first cortical receiving area for sensory information

A

Primary sensory cortex

87
Q

The last cortical area to project to the spinal cord and brainstem

-Right controls/perceives left; left controls/perceives right

A

Primary motor cortex

88
Q

The primary cortex is divided into primary sensory and primary motor cortex by the

A

Central sulcus

89
Q

Sensory “fields” are represented in an orderly manner within the

A

Primary cortex

90
Q

Responsible for higher-order processing, e.g. perceptions, judgments, organization, calculations, language

A

Association Cortex

91
Q

Responsible for emotion and memory

A

Limbic System

92
Q

Part of the limbic system that is important for long-term memory formation

A

Hippocampus

93
Q

The part of the limbic system that is important for Fear-learning

A

Amygdala

NBB Test 1 (20 decks)

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