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Human Epithelial Biology > Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships > Flashcards

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the issues with the alveolar lung?

A

Gas and Blood don’t flow past each other
Convective gas flow to a blind ended sack
Inspired air mixes with existing gas in lung
Arterial PO2 equilibrates to the PO2 of the alveolus
Much less efficient and thus consequences for V/Q Matching

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2
Q

Why is insect tracheal gas exchange better?

A

highly efficient and supports highest aerobic metabolic rates
O2 delivery is carrier free

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3
Q

Why is the fish gill exchange better?

A

Efficient gas/blood barrier

Involves counter-current gas exchange to efficiently oxygenate blood to environmental PO2

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4
Q

Why is the bird parabronchial system better?

A

Constant uni-directional convective gas flow
perpendicular arrangement of air tubes and vasculature enables cross-current gas exchange
Venous blood oxygenates to within 90% of inspired PO2
Greater efficiency of oxygen uptake - allows flight at high altitude

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5
Q

How does the ECMO machine take advantage of the design?

A

counter current gas exchange
all flow
no convection
inspired PO2 can be above atmospheric and above 21%

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6
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the amount of O2 consumed

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7
Q

What is perfusion?

A

the rate of O2 transfer from alveolus to blood

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8
Q

What is the effect on V/Q as body size decreases?

A

there becomes a larger mismatch

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9
Q

How does the shrew compensate for the mis-match?

A

higher HR and breathing rate - limit of heart and lung performance

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10
Q

What causes a pulmonary embolism?

A

a high demand for oxygen placing high transmural pressure over blood gas barrier

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11
Q

What does increased minute ventilation do?

A

increase pulmonary artery pressure and decreases alveolar pressure causing rupture as transmural pressure increases

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12
Q

What does grunting do?

A

increases the air flow out of the lung during exhalation

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13
Q

What is the equation used to measure pAO2?

A

pAO2 = FlO2(pATM-SVP)-paCO2(flO2 + 1-FlO2/RQ)

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14
Q

What is FlO2(pATM-SVP)?

A

the proportion of oxygen in inhaled gas

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15
Q

What is FlO2 +1-FlO2/RQ?

A

rate of O2 consumption by metabolism

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16
Q

What is the standard vapour pressure of water?

A

SVP = 47mmHg

17
Q

What is the typical respiratory quotient?

A

0.8

18
Q

What is alveolar PO2 significantly affected by?

A

atmospheric PO2 and arterial carbon dioxide

19
Q

What happens if PCO2 increases?

A

alveolar PO2 decreases

20
Q

What happens if RQ increases?

A

alveolar PO2 increases

21
Q

How might you increase RQ?

A

eating high carbohydrate diet

22
Q

At high altitude how might you adapt to conserve pAO2?

A

increasing breathing frequency to decrease paCO2
high carbohydrate diet - RQ=1
climb when barometric pressure is high

23
Q

What are the adaptive breathing responses to hypoxia?

A

increase breathing depth and frequency

increasing blood flow rate through the lung by vasoconstriction

24
Q

What is the maximum O2 delivery set by/

A

tidal volume
breathing frequency
airway smooth muscle constriction

25
Q

What is the maximum O2 loadning into blood set by?

A 
O2 in alveolus
pulmonary artery blood pressure
vascular smooth muscle tone
blood flow
(All alveolar-arterial pressure gradient)
26
Q

What are the effects of raising pulmonary artery blood pressure through constriction?

A

redirects blood flow to alveoli

speeds up transit time of blood through lung

27
Q

What are the problems of raising pulmonary artery blood pressure through constriction?

A

greater resistance for blood to enter lung vascular tree

rapid transit time through alveolus reduces time for gas exchange

28
Q

What does increase breathing depth and frequency do?

A

raises alveolar PO2 which increases drive to blood

29
Q

What does the right shift in the oxy-hemoglobin curve do?

A

favour off-loading to tissues

30
Q

What else can be done to increase oxygen availability?

A

increase no of RBCs
increase no. of peripheral vessels
increase capacity for tissue anaerobic metabolism

31
Q

What does hypoxia do to the alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure gradient?

A

increases the gradient due to low venous return to the lung

32
Q

What would happen without the HPV response?

A

arterial pO2 would wall and p[A-a] collapses resulting in death

33
Q

What does HPV response do?

A

increases RBCs to increase O2 carrying capacity

increased breathing brings pAO2 closer to atmospheric

34
Q

What happens with poor ventilation and large blood flow?

A

need to reduce perfusion - so hypoxia constricts pulmonary arterioles - redirects blood to well ventilated areas

35
Q

What happens with good ventilation and poor blood flow?

A

need to reduce ventilation - low CO2 constricts bronchioles - redirects air to better vascularised areas

Human Epithelial Biology (20 decks)

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