Acid-Base Balance II Flashcards

1
Q

What is compensation?

A

the restoration of pH regardless of what happens to HCO3 or PCO2

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2
Q

What is correction?

A

restoration of pH and HCO3 and PCO2 to normal

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3
Q

What are the types of disturbances to A-B balance?

A

respiratory origin

non-respiratory origin

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4
Q

What are the blood buffers?

A

HCO3 and Hb

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5
Q

What are the ECF buffers?

A

HCO3

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6
Q

What has to rectify store depletion?

A

kidney

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7
Q

What can be analysed by blood gas?

A

CO2 and pH

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8
Q

What is plotted on the Davenport diagram?

A

HCO3 - y axis

Plasma pH = x axis

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9
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

retention of CO2 by body

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10
Q

What can cause respiratory acidosis?

A

chronic bronchitis
chronic emphysema
airway restriction
chest injuries

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11
Q

What indicates uncompensated respiratory acidosis?

A

pH less than 7.35 due to increase H ion and PCO2 > 45mmHg

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12
Q

How is respiratory acidosis compensated for?

A

kidney increases H secretion and HCO3 reabsorption, generates titratable acids and NH4

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13
Q

How is respiratory acidoses corrected?

A

lowering of PCO2 by restoration of normal ventilation

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14
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A

excessive removal of CO2 by body

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15
Q

What can cause resp. alkalosis?

A

low inspired PO2 at altitude causes ventilation
hyperventilation - fever and brainstem damage
hysterical over breathing

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16
Q

What indicates uncompensated respiratory alkalosis?

A

pH >7.45 and pCO2 less than 35mmHg

17
Q

How is resp. alkalosis compensated for?

A

reduced H secretion
HCO3 is excreted
no new HCO3 is formed

18
Q

How is resp. alkalosis corrected?

A

restoration of normal ventilation

19
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

excess H from any source other than CO2

20
Q

What can cause metabolic acidosis?

A

ingestion of acids or acid producing food stuff
excessive production of H
excessive loss of base

21
Q

What happens during metabolic acidosis?

A

HCO3 is depleted as a result of buffering of H or loss from body

22
Q

What indicates uncompensated metabolic acidosis?

A

pH less than 7.35 and low HCO3

23
Q

How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

decrease in pH stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
increase ventilation so more CO2 removed
H is lowered and HCO3 is also lowered

24
Q

How is metabolic acidosis corrected?

A

lower filtered HCO3 and reabsorb it
H secretion continues and produces TA and NH4 to make new HCO3
acid load is excreted and HCO3 restored
ventilation is normalised

25
Why is respiratory compensation essential?
acid load cannot be excreted immediately
26
What is metabolic alkalosis?
excessive loss of H from the body
27
What can cause metabolic alkalosis?
loss of HCl from stomach - vomiting ingestion of alkali or alkali producing foods aldosterone hyper-secretion
28
What indicates uncompensated metabolic alkalosis?
pH > 7.45 and high HCO3
29
How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
decreased ventilation by peripheral chemoreceptors
30
How is metabolic alkalosis corrected for?
filtered HCO3 is not absorbed no TA or NH4 is generated HCO3 is excreted HCO3 falls back to normal