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Human Epithelial Biology > Filtration and Renal Blood Flow > Flashcards

Filtration and Renal Blood Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the barriers to glomerular filtration?

A

glomerular capillary Endothelium - RBC
Basement Membrane - plasma protein barrier
Slit processes of podocytes - plasma protein barrier

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2
Q

What are the forces that comprise net filtration pressure?

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure
Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure
Capillary Oncotic Pressure
Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure

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3
Q

Which forces favour filtration?

A

Glomerular capillary pressure

Bowmans Capsule Oncotic pressure

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4
Q

Which forces oppose filtration?

A

Bowmans Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

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5
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

the pressure that tends to pull water back into the blood

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6
Q

What are the typical values of the forces favouring filtration?

A

GCBP - 55mmHg

BCOP - 0mmHG

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7
Q

What are the typical values of the forces opposing filtration?

A

BCHP - 15mmHg

COP - 30mmHg

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8
Q

What is the typical net filtration pressure?

A

10mmHg towards the bowmans

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9
Q

What is the GFR?

A

the rate at which protein free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

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10
Q

What is the equation for GFR?

A

GFR = Kf x net filtration pressure

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11
Q

What is a normal GFR?

A

125ml/min

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12
Q

What is the major determinant of GFR?

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure

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13
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of GFR?

A

sympathetic control via baroreceptor reflex

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14
Q

What are the intrinsic or autoregulatory controls of GFR?

A

myogenic mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

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15
Q

What is the effect of an increase in arterial blood pressure?

A

increased GCBP increases net filtration and GFR

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16
Q

What causes the GCBP to fall?

A

constriction of the afferent arteriole

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17
Q

What does increased sympathetic activity do to the GFR?

A

it decreases it in order to compensate for a fall in blood volume

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18
Q

What does autoregulation prevent?

A

short term changes in systemic arterial pressure affecting GFR

19
Q

What is protected from changes in MABP over a wide range of MABP?

A

RBF and GFR

20
Q

What is myogenic control?

A

if vascular smooth muscle is stretched, it contracts thus constricting the arteriol

21
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback?

A

involves juxtaglomerular apparatus

If GFR rises, more NaCl flows through the tubule leading to constriction of afferent arterioles

22
Q

What senses the NaCl content of tubular fluid?

A

macula densa

23
Q

What may also determine GFR?

A

kidney stone - increase BCHP - decrease GFR
diarrhoea - increase COP - decrease GFR
burns patients - decrease COP - increase GFR
decrease in Kf - surface area change - decrease in GFR

24
Q

What is plasma clearance?

A

the volume of plasma completely cleared of a particular substance per minute

25
Q

What is are the units of clearance?

A

ml/min

26
Q

What are the equations for clearance?

A 
Cl = rate of excretion/plasma conc
Cl = X urine x V urine / X plasma
27
Q

Why is inulin good for calculating GFR?

A 
freely filtered
neither absorbed or secreted
not metabolised
not toxic
easy to measure
28
Q

What can be used to measure clearance instead of inulin?

A

Creatinine

29
Q

What does it mean when a substance has a clearance of O?

A

completely reabsorbed and not secreted - glucose

not filtered and not secreted

30
Q

What does it mean when the clearance is less than GFR?

A

partly reabsorbed, not secreted i.e. urea

31
Q

What does it mean when clearance is greater than GFR?

A

substance is filtered, secreted and not reabsorbed

32
Q

What does it mean if clearance is equal to GFR?

A

the substance is neither reabsorbed or secreted

33
Q

What is used to measure renal plasma flow?

A

para-amino hippuric acid - PAH

34
Q

What is renal plasma flow normally about?

A

650ml/min

35
Q

What makes PAH suitable for calculating RPF?

A

freely filtered
secreted and not reabsorbed
completely cleared from plasma

36
Q

What is creatinine?

A

a muscle metabolite produced at a near constant rate

37
Q

What are the properties of a clearance marker?

A

non-toxic
inert - not metabolised
easy to measure

38
Q

What are the properties of a GFR marker?

A

freely filtered

not secreted or absorbed

39
Q

What are the properties of an RPF marker?

A

should be filtered and completed secreted

40
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

A

the fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules

41
Q

What is the equation for filtration fraction?

A

filtration fraction = GFR/RPF

i.e. 20% is filtered, the rest is secreted in peritubular capillaries

42
Q

What is the calculation for RBF?

A

RBF = RPF x 1/1-Hct

43
Q

What is Hct?

A

haematocrit - 1.85

Human Epithelial Biology (20 decks)

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