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Human Epithelial Biology > Neuroanatomy of Breathing > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves give peripheral chemoreceptor feedback?

A

hypoglossal
laryngeal
carotid sinus

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2
Q

What nerve regulates breathing frequency and volume?

A

vagus

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3
Q

What nerves control respiratory muscles?

A

intercostals

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4
Q

What nerve controls diaphragm inspiration?

A

phrenic

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5
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A 
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
parasternal intercostals
diaphragm
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6
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A 
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominals
rectus abdominis
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7
Q

How do the abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration?

A

push gut up against diaphragm

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8
Q

what are the cranial motorneurons important for?

A

opening and closing the glottis, affecting upper airway diameter and nostril flaring

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9
Q

Where is the central pattern generator?

A

the pons and the medulla

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10
Q

What is contained within the pons respiratory center?

A

pneumotaxic center

apeustic center

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11
Q

What is followed before the medulla?

A

the pre-botzinger complex

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12
Q

What is found in the medullary respiratory center?

A

dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

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13
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group involved with?

A

inspiration

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14
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group involved with?

A

inspiration and expiration at the top and bottom

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15
Q

Where is the dorsal respiratory group found?

A

in the nucleus tractus solitarius

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16
Q

What is the dorsa respiratory group the site of?

A

sensory input

central chemoreceptor input

17
Q

What are the three regions of the ventral respiratory group?

A

rostral
intermediate
caudal

18
Q

What is contained in the rostral region?

A

nucleus retrofacialis - expiration

19
Q

What is contained within the intermediate region?

A

Pre-botzinger and the nucleus ambiguus, nucleus para-ambigualis - inspiration

20
Q

What is the pre-botzinger though to be?

A

the respiratory pattern generator

21
Q

What is contained within the caudal region?

A

the nucleus retroambigualis - expiration

22
Q

What happens to breathing when sections above the pons?

A

normal when vagus intact

slow and deep when vagus cut

23
Q

What happens to breathing when superior pons is cut?

A

slow and deep breathing with vagus intact

apneusis when vagus cut

24
Q

What happens when all the pons is cut?

A

irregular rhythm with vagus intact

irregular and infrequent rhythm when vagus cut

25
Q

What happens when the pons and medulla are cut?

A

apnea

26
Q

What tells us that there is a heirachy of neural inputs into control of breathing?

A

sectioning of brain stem with vagus intact produces a decrease in breathing depth and frequency

27
Q

What tells us there are neural feeback loops controlling frequency, rhythmicity and depth?

A

cutting the vagus nerve produces a variety of effects on the heirarchy

28
Q

What tells us there are feedback interactions between several nerves which contribute inter-dependently to breathing pattern?

A

the varied effects of cutting the vagus can only be explained by input from other neural networks

29
Q

What is a respiratory rhythm generator?

A

a network of interneurons that produce a predictable and repetitive motor pattern

30
Q

What are the properties of an RRG?

A

always active even in the absence of conscious input
Transmit in an orderly sequence
Response to inputs from other parts of the brain as well as sensory afferents

31
Q

What are the 3 phases of the breathing cycle?

A

inspiration
post-inspiration
late-expiration

32
Q

What are the 6 types of neuronal discharge?

A 
pre-I
early -I
I
Late-I
early -E
E
33
Q

What does Pre-I do?

A

inhibits expiratory neural circuit and causes expiratory muscles to relax

34
Q

What does Early-I do?

A

inhibits output from entire RRG causing a refractory period

35
Q

What does I do?

A

ramp fire increasing frequency and recruiting more I neurons - inhibit E and pre-I - inspiratory muscles contract and exp muscles relax

36
Q

What does Late-I do?

A

feed back to suppress I signalling which may involve stretch receptor input from vagus - insp muscles relax and lung begins to deflate due to elastic recoil

37
Q

What does Early E do?

A

repress all I and E firing - creates refractory period at peak inhalation - lung deflates as insp muscles relax

38
Q

What does E do?

A

ramp fire and activate exp muscles…major conscious input into breathing - exp muscles contract as insp muscles relaxed

39
Q

What does RRG activity vary in relation to?

A

tidal volume
air flow
phrenic nerve activity

Human Epithelial Biology (20 decks)

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