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Human Epithelial Biology > Dynamic Mechanics of Breathing > Flashcards

Dynamic Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

What are dynamic mechanics of breathing?

A

mechanical properties affecting flow of air into and out of lung as volume changes with time

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2
Q

What are the forces of the dynamic mechanics?

A

resistance
flow
turbulence

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3
Q

What is the equation for flow?

A

Flow = deltaP/R

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4
Q

What is the equation for resistance?

A

R=8nl/pi r4

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5
Q

Why is the resistance of small tubes actually lower?

A

the cumulative resistance is actually lower despite the smallest tubes having greater resistance

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6
Q

What is the airflow resistance factor in the trachea?

A

100%

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7
Q

What is the airflow resistance factor in the 17th branch?

A

0.9%

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8
Q

What are the factors determining resistance in the airway?

A

lung volume and branching
bronchiolar smooth muscle tone
density and viscosity of gases

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9
Q

What is the density and viscosity of gases affected by?

A

altitude

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10
Q

What decreases the radius of bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

parasympathetic activity
ACh
Irritants
Decreased alveolar PCO2

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11
Q

What increases the radius of the bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A

sympathetic activity
pulmonary stretch
NAdr
Adr B2-adrenoceptors

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12
Q

What is the issue with asthma and resistance?

A

contraction of parabronchial smooth muscle raises upper airway resistance

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13
Q

What happens to the molecular diffuse rate and what does this cause in asthamatics?

A

molecular diffusion rate in upper airway slows and results in poor gas exchange in the respiratory acinus

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14
Q

What causes the alveolar pCO2 to rise in asthmatics?

A

gas fails to penetrate the distal regions of the respiratory zone

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15
Q

What causes the asthmatic wheeze?

A

increased turbulence in the airway

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16
Q

What is the asthmatic wheeze complicated by?

A

dichotomous branching causing turbulence

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17
Q

What is used to measure airway resistance?

A

whole body plethysmography

18
Q

How is the plethysmography system calibrated?

A

have the subject breathing against a closed shutter

19
Q

How is airway resistance calculated from the plethysmography?

A

R = deltaPa/V

20
Q

What values are V and Pa during expiration?

A

both are positive

21
Q

What is used to calculate the negative deltaPa during inhalation?

A

the positive deltaPbox

22
Q

What is used to measure V?

A

pneuomotachometer

23
Q

What value is V when inhaling?

A

negative

24
Q

WHat happens to resistance during inhalation?

A

resistance falls as gas flow and lung volume increase

25
Q

What does the increased resistance do during exhalation?

A

helps to keep airway pressure high to maximise gas movement out of alveoli

26
Q

What does smooth muscle contraction cause?

A

dynamic compression leading to upper airway resistance

27
Q

What can dynamic compression be compared to?

A

squeezing a toothpaste tube with the lid still on and then releasing the lid

28
Q

What does upper aireway resistance do?

A

helps gas clearance from the alveoli

29
Q

What do you see in moderate COPD?

A

inhalation and exhalation are both a bit fuzzy
larger resistance change between inhalation and exhalation
-15 to 15cmH2O

30
Q

What is normally seen in an inhalation exhalation cycle?

A

pressure change from -5 to 5cmH2O

31
Q

What is seen in severe COPD?

A

normalish inhalation phase to +5cmH2O

exhalation phase is fuzzy and tends to fail due to increased resistance

32
Q

What can be seen over time with moderate COPD?

A

high resistive pressure during inhalation and exhalation

33
Q

What can be seen over time with severe COPD?

A

nearly normal resistive pressure during inhalation and very deep resistive pressure during exhalation

34
Q

What happens in COPD?

A

alveoli destruction
reduced surface area
reduced elasticity

35
Q

What work is involved in breathing?

A

the energy required to overcome the elastic and non-elastic resistances

36
Q

What are the equations involved in work?

A 
Work = force * distance
Work = pressure * volume
37
Q

What work is required during inspiration?

A

energy input required to overcome elastic component

energy input required to overcome surface tension

38
Q

What work is involved in exhalation?

A

energy input to overcome airway and tissue resistance

39
Q

What work can be expected from normal breathing?

A

540ish

40
Q

What work can be expected from panting?

A

672 - surface tension and airway resistance, dynamic compression

41
Q

What work can be expected from deep breathing?

A

660 - overcoming the elastic component

Human Epithelial Biology (20 decks)

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