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Human Epithelial Biology > Pancreatic & Biliary Secretions > Flashcards

Pancreatic & Biliary Secretions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

What does the small intestine receive?

A

chyme
pancreatic juice
bile

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3
Q

What structures make the small intestine ideal for absorption?

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

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4
Q

What does the duodenum secrete into the blood?

A 
Gastrin - D cells
CCK - I cells - duodenum and jejunum
Secretin - S cells - duodenum
Motilin - M cells - duodenum and jejunum
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic peptide - K cells of duodenum and jujenum
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5
Q

How much does the duodenum secrete a day?

A

2L

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6
Q

What are the enhancing control mechanisms for secretion?

A

distension, irritation, gastrin and CCK, secretin and parasympathetic activity

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7
Q

What is the inhibitory control mechanism for secretion?

A

sympathetic nerve activity

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8
Q

What does the secretions from the small intestine contain?

A

mucus
aqueous salt
no digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What transporters are involved in secretion?

A

Na-K ATPase - apical, NKCC - apical, CFTR - basolateral

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10
Q

What happens during segmentation?

A

chopping movements move chyme back and forth vigorously with alternating contractions and relaxations of segments of the circular muscle

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11
Q

What is the frequency of segmentation in the sm. intestine?

A

duodenum has 12/min, ileum has 9/min which moved food along

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12
Q

What is the gastroileal reflex?

A

where segmentation occurs in the empty ileum due to gastrin

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13
Q

What peristalic activities occur in the fasting state?

A

a few localised contractions

the migrating motor complex

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14
Q

What is the migrating motor complex?

A

occurs between meals 90-120mins
strong peristalic contractions passing length of small intestine
clears sm. intestine of undigested debris, mucus and sloughed epithelial cells

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15
Q

What triggers the migrating motor complex?

A

motilin

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16
Q

what inhibits the migrating motor complex?

A

feeding and vagal activity

gastrin and CCK

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17
Q

Where do the digestive enzymes from the pancreas come from?

A

acinar cells

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18
Q

What does the pancreas secrete for digestion?

A

aqeous NaHCO3 from duct cells

digestive enzymes from the acinar cells

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19
Q

What pancreatic enzymes are produced by the acinar cells?

A 
trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase
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20
Q

What activates trypsinogen in the first instance?

A

enterkinase

21
Q

where is enterokinase made?

A

the mucosal cells

22
Q

What is the function of the aqeuos NaHCO3 secretion from the duct cells?

A

neutralises acid chyme
ideal pH for enzymes
protects mucosa from erosion by acid
CF patients have reduced secretion

23
Q

What are the three phases of pancreatic secretion?

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

24
Q

What occurs in the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

increase vagal stimulation of acinar cells

25
Q

What occurs in the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

distension -> vagovagal reflex resulting in parasympathetic stimulation of acinar and duct cells

26
Q

What occurs in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

increased acid -> increased secretin -> increases NaHC03 from duct cells
increased fat/protein in duodenum -> increased CCK -> increases enzymes from acinar cells

27
Q

What are the hepatic ducts?

A

left, right, common

28
Q

What are the bile ducts?

A

cystic, common

29
Q

Where do the secretions from the gall bladder, liver and pancrease all meet?

A

sphincter of oddi

30
Q

how much bile is produced daily?

A

0.6-1.2L

31
Q

Where is bile stored between meals?

A

in the gall bladder

32
Q

What happens to bile during a meal?

A

chyme in the duodenum stimulates gall bladder sm. muscle to contract via CCK and vagal impulses

33
Q

What causes the sphincter of Oddi to open ?

A

CCK

34
Q

What two cells secrete bile?

A

hepatocytes

cholangiocytes

35
Q

What does bile specifically aid in the digestion of?

A

fats

36
Q

what increases the flow rate of bile?

A

secretin

37
Q

what does the bile contribute to?

A

micelle formation
neutralisation of chyme
pH adjustment for enzymes
protection of the mucosa

38
Q

what is hepatic bile composed of?

A 
primary bile acids forming bile salts with Na and K
cholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid
water and electrolytes
cholesterol
lipids and phospholipids
IgA
Bilirubin
39
Q

What are bile salts usually conjugated with?

A

glycine or taurine - occasionally sulfate

40
Q

Why is only a small amount of bile produced in relation to the amount released?

A

it is recycled enterohepatically from the gut

41
Q

What resins bind bile salts to lower cholesterol?

A

colestryamine

colestipol

42
Q

How is bile synthesis regulated?

A

dependent on hepatic blood concentration of salts

low stimulates production

43
Q

How is bile secretion regulated?

A

Bile salt returning to liver stimulates secretion
CCK
Secretin
Vagal Activity

44
Q

What is secretin released in response to?

A

acid in the lumen of the gut

45
Q

What does secretin stimulate?

A

Increased NaHCO3 secretion from pancreatic duct cells and hepatobiliary cells
decreased gastric secretion and emptying

46
Q

What is CCK released in response to?

A

fat and protein in the duodenal lumen

47
Q

What does CCK stimulate?

A

increased digestive enzymes from acinar cells
contracts gallbladder and relaxes sphincter of oddi
decreased gastric secretion and emptying

48
Q

What drugs might you use in analgesia for GI?

A

morphine, bupenorphine, pethidine

49
Q

What drugs might you use to ease biliary spasm?

A

atropine, GTN

Human Epithelial Biology (20 decks)

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