Ventilation And Gas Exchange In Other Orgaisms - Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can’t insects receive oxygen by diffusion?

A

They have a tough exoskeleton which prevents diffusion

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2
Q

Why can’t insects receive oxygen like mammals?

A

Their blood does not have pigments that can carry oxygen

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3
Q

How does air enter and leave the system of an insect

A

Through the spiracles - small openings along the thorax and abdomen

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4
Q

How are spiracles in insects opened and closed and why?

A

Spiracles in insects are closed using sphincters, and are often closed to minimise water loss

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of Tracheae in insects?

A

The tracheae is made up of spirals of chitin to keep airways open
They take air form the spiracles into the body

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of tracheoles in insects?

A

Tracheoles are made up of a single greatly elongated cell which is entirely permeable to gases
As they are small they run between tissues and cells within the insect - this is where most gaseous exchange occurs

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7
Q

What is tracheal fluid?

A

Tracheal fluid is is found towards the end of the tracheoles which limits the penetration of air for diffusion and stops dehydration of tracheal system

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8
Q

When does water move out of the tracheoles by osmosis in an insect?

A

When oxygen demand is high to expose more surface areas for gaseous exchange

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9
Q

What controls the extent of gas exchange in insects?

A

The opening and closing of the spiracles

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10
Q

What two other methods of gas exchange do insects use if they have high energy demands?

A
  1. Mechanical ventilation of tracheal system
    Air is actively pumped into the system by muscular pumping movements of the thorax and abdomen
  2. Collapsible enlarged tracheae or air sacs
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11
Q

What is the organ called that bony fish use for gaseous exchange?

A

Gills

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12
Q

What are the 3 properties of gills that make them successful surfaces for gas exchange?

A
  1. Good blood supply
  2. Large surface area
  3. Thin layers
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13
Q

What is the role of the operculum in bony fish? [2]

A
  1. Protect the gill cavity
  2. Maintains a flow of water over the gills
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14
Q

What are gill filaments?

A

Gill filaments occur in stacks and require a flow of water to keep them apart to expose large surface area needed for gaseous exchange

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15
Q

What supports the structure of the gills?

A

Bony gill arch

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16
Q

What are gill lamellae?

A

Lamellae have high blood concentration and large SA and are the main site of gas exchange in fish

17
Q

What do fish need to maintain to allow for sufficient gas exchange?

A

Continuous flow of water over the gills

18
Q

What is ram ventilation?

A

The way primitive fish maintain water flow over the gills - using continuous movement

19
Q

How do fish maintain continuous water flow over the gills?

A
  1. Mouth is opened, lowering floor of buccal cavity
  2. This increases volume and drops the pressure, meaning water will move into the cavity
  3. Flow of buccal cavity moves up increasing pressure so water moves into opercular cavity
  4. Operculum opens increasing pressure and water is forced over gills and out operculum
20
Q

What 2 adaptations do gills have to ensure the most effective gas exchange occurs?

A
  1. Tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap
    This increases resistance to flow of water over gill so more time for gaseous exchange to occur
  2. Countercurrent system
    Water and blood flow in opposite directions maintaining steep concentration gradient - rather than a parallel system