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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x atp molecules
2x pyruvate
X2 receded NAD

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

NO glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen

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4
Q

Explain the stages of glycolysis [5]

A
  1. Glucose reacts with 2 molecules of ATP in a phosphorylation reaction forming hexosebisphosphate
  2. Hexosebisphosphate splits into two molecules of TP in a lysis reaction
  3. Two molecules of TP reacts with a phosphate group to make triosebisphosphate in a phosphorylation enzyme
  4. Dehydrogenation reaction occurs where triosebiphosphate lose H ion recusing NAD to reduced NAD
  5. The phosphate groups on each molecule leave to form 4 molecules of ATP
  6. The final product is 2 molecules of pyruvate
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5
Q

What is the link reaction equation?

A

Pyruvate + coenzyme A turns to acetyl coenzyme A + carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What is the name of the links reaction? And why?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

It is called oxidative decarboxylation because an oxidation reaction occurs when NAD is oxidised to reduced NAD and pyruvate loses a carbon atom which is decarboxylation

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7
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur per glucose molecule?

A

2 times per glucose molecule

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8
Q

What are the products of the links reaction per glucose molecule?

A

X2 carbon dioxide
X2 acetyl coenzyme A
X2 reduced NAD

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9
Q

Where does the links reaction occur?

A

The links reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Does the links reaction require oxygen?

A

Does not require oxygen

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11
Q

Where does the kerbs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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12
Q

Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?

A

No, it does not require oxygen

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13
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A

2x ATP
6x reduced NAD
2x reduced FAD
4x carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What does acetyl coenzyme A react with in the Krebs cycle and what does this form?
What happens to the coenzyme A?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A reacts with OXALOACETATE 4 carbon molecule, making a 6 carbon molecule called CITRATE
The coenzyme A is released back to the links reaction

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15
Q

In the Krebs cycle what happens to citrate to make it a 4 carbon atom?

A

2 rounds of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation remove 2 carbons and reduce 2 NAD molecules
The 4 carbon atom is recycled to make OXALOACETATE

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16
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle following the decarboxylation reactions?

A

2 dehydrogenation reactions occur producing another reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD

17
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation what does reduced NAD donate to the proteins in the electron transfer carriers to start the process?

What does this do to the protein in the chain?

A

The reduced NAD gives its hydrogen atom which splits into H+ ion and 2 high energy electrons to the first protein in the electron transfer chain

This reduced the protein in the chain

18
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation when the electrons pass through the proteins in the electron transfer chain?

A

As the electrons pass through they lose energy energy as they are used to pump hydrogen ions into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria

19
Q

What happens to the electrons once they reach the end of the electron transfer chain?

A

2e- + 1/2O2 + 2H+ is converted into water

20
Q

What does reduced FAD do differently to reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduced FAD starts in the middle of the electron transfer chain rather than the start

21
Q

How is ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The protons in the intermembrane space travel through the ion channel in ATP SYNTHASE (located in inner mitochondrial membrane) and the enzyme uses the gradient to make ATP from ADP + Pi

22
Q

What is the name of the reaction that forms ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Chemiosmosis

23
Q

What are electron transfer proteins also named as?

A

Cytochromes

24
Q

When do eukaryotes anaerobically respire? [2]

A
  1. In the absence of O2
  2. When oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to respiring tissues
25
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen (usually prokaryotes)

26
Q

What are facilitative anaerobes?

A

Can switch between anaerobic and aerobic respiration if required
For example yeast

27
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Organisms that can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

How does anaerobic respiration work in mammals?

A

Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NADP and becomes lactate (lactic acid)

29
Q

What is lactic acid converted to and where?

A

Lactic acid is converted into glucose in the liver when oxygen is available

30
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration not sustainable in mammals? [2]

A
  1. Not enough ATP is made to maintainTain vital processes
  2. Accumulation of lactic acid will result in a drop in pH which can be detrimental to the function of enzymes in the body
31
Q

What is the process of alcohol fermentation in yeast? [2]

A
  1. Pyruvate is converted into ethanal by Pyruvate carboxylase enzyme
  2. Ethanal is converted into ethanol by accepting a H+ atom from reduced NAD
32
Q

Is ethanol toxic to yeast?

A

Yes if it reaches above 15% concentration

33
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

Organic molecule that are broken down in respiration to produce ATP

34
Q

How are lipids broken down as respiratory substrates?

A

E.g glycerol and triglycerides are broken into Pyruvate before undergoing oxidative carboxylation into acetyl groups to be picked up by coenzyme A

35
Q

How are proteins turned into ATP as a respiratory substrate?

A

Proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids and then deaminated (removal of amine group)

36
Q

What is RQ? What is the RQ equation?

A

Respiratory quotient = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

37
Q

What equipment measures RQ?

A

Respirometer

38
Q

What are the RQ values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?

A

Carb = 1.0
Lipid = 0.7
Protein = 0.9

Biology (26 decks)

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