Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2x atp molecules
2x pyruvate
X2 receded NAD

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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

NO glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen

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4
Q

Explain the stages of glycolysis [5]

A
  1. Glucose reacts with 2 molecules of ATP in a phosphorylation reaction forming hexosebisphosphate
  2. Hexosebisphosphate splits into two molecules of TP in a lysis reaction
  3. Two molecules of TP reacts with a phosphate group to make triosebisphosphate in a phosphorylation enzyme
  4. Dehydrogenation reaction occurs where triosebiphosphate lose H ion recusing NAD to reduced NAD
  5. The phosphate groups on each molecule leave to form 4 molecules of ATP
  6. The final product is 2 molecules of pyruvate
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5
Q

What is the link reaction equation?

A

Pyruvate + coenzyme A turns to acetyl coenzyme A + carbon dioxide

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6
Q

What is the name of the links reaction? And why?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

It is called oxidative decarboxylation because an oxidation reaction occurs when NAD is oxidised to reduced NAD and pyruvate loses a carbon atom which is decarboxylation

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7
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur per glucose molecule?

A

2 times per glucose molecule

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8
Q

What are the products of the links reaction per glucose molecule?

A

X2 carbon dioxide
X2 acetyl coenzyme A
X2 reduced NAD

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9
Q

Where does the links reaction occur?

A

The links reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Does the links reaction require oxygen?

A

Does not require oxygen

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11
Q

Where does the kerbs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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12
Q

Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen?

A

No, it does not require oxygen

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13
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A

2x ATP
6x reduced NAD
2x reduced FAD
4x carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What does acetyl coenzyme A react with in the Krebs cycle and what does this form?
What happens to the coenzyme A?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A reacts with OXALOACETATE 4 carbon molecule, making a 6 carbon molecule called CITRATE
The coenzyme A is released back to the links reaction

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15
Q

In the Krebs cycle what happens to citrate to make it a 4 carbon atom?

A

2 rounds of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation remove 2 carbons and reduce 2 NAD molecules
The 4 carbon atom is recycled to make OXALOACETATE

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16
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle following the decarboxylation reactions?

A

2 dehydrogenation reactions occur producing another reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD

17
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation what does reduced NAD donate to the proteins in the electron transfer carriers to start the process?

What does this do to the protein in the chain?

A

The reduced NAD gives its hydrogen atom which splits into H+ ion and 2 high energy electrons to the first protein in the electron transfer chain

This reduced the protein in the chain

18
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation when the electrons pass through the proteins in the electron transfer chain?

A

As the electrons pass through they lose energy energy as they are used to pump hydrogen ions into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria

19
Q

What happens to the electrons once they reach the end of the electron transfer chain?

A

2e- + 1/2O2 + 2H+ is converted into water

20
Q

What does reduced FAD do differently to reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduced FAD starts in the middle of the electron transfer chain rather than the start

21
Q

How is ATP produced from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The protons in the intermembrane space travel through the ion channel in ATP SYNTHASE (located in inner mitochondrial membrane) and the enzyme uses the gradient to make ATP from ADP + Pi

22
Q

What is the name of the reaction that forms ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Chemiosmosis

23
Q

What are electron transfer proteins also named as?

A

Cytochromes

24
Q

When do eukaryotes anaerobically respire? [2]

A
  1. In the absence of O2
  2. When oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to respiring tissues
25
What are obligate anaerobes?
Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen (usually prokaryotes)
26
What are facilitative anaerobes?
Can switch between anaerobic and aerobic respiration if required For example yeast
27
What are obligate aerobes?
Organisms that can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen
28
How does anaerobic respiration work in mammals?
Pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NADP and becomes lactate (lactic acid)
29
What is lactic acid converted to and where?
Lactic acid is converted into glucose in the liver when oxygen is available
30
Why is anaerobic respiration not sustainable in mammals? [2]
1. Not enough ATP is made to maintainTain vital processes 2. Accumulation of lactic acid will result in a drop in pH which can be detrimental to the function of enzymes in the body
31
What is the process of alcohol fermentation in yeast? [2]
1. Pyruvate is converted into ethanal by Pyruvate carboxylase enzyme 2. Ethanal is converted into ethanol by accepting a H+ atom from reduced NAD
32
Is ethanol toxic to yeast?
Yes if it reaches above 15% concentration
33
What is a respiratory substrate?
Organic molecule that are broken down in respiration to produce ATP
34
How are lipids broken down as respiratory substrates?
E.g glycerol and triglycerides are broken into Pyruvate before undergoing oxidative carboxylation into acetyl groups to be picked up by coenzyme A
35
How are proteins turned into ATP as a respiratory substrate?
Proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids and then deaminated (removal of amine group)
36
What is RQ? What is the RQ equation?
Respiratory quotient = CO2 produced / O2 consumed
37
What equipment measures RQ?
Respirometer
38
What are the RQ values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
Carb = 1.0 Lipid = 0.7 Protein = 0.9