Biodiversity - Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is species abundance?

A

The amount of organisms in a species

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling?

A
  1. Random sampling
  2. Non - random sampling
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3
Q

Describe how random sampling could be carried out

A

Measure a grid using 2 tape measures at right angles and using a random number generator, make coordinates and take temples using quadrant

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4
Q

What are the 3 methods of non random sampling?

A
  1. Opportunistic
  2. Stratified
  3. Systematic
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5
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

The weakest form of sampling that uses organisms readily available

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6
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

When populations are divided into subgroups based on characteristics

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7
Q

What are the 2 methods of systematic sample and describe them?

A
  1. Line transect
    Samples are taken at regular intervals along a line of organisms touching or within a distance of the line
  2. Belt transect
    2 transects are set out parallel and samples are taken at intervals form the space between he two lines
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8
Q

Give 2 reasons why samples are never fully representative?

A
  1. Sampling bias - remove this by removing human involvement
  2. Chance - organisms sampled may not be representative of the population
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9
Q

How do you obtain more reliable sampling results?

A

Use a larger sample size

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10
Q

What are 5 methods of sampling insects?

A
  1. Pooter
  2. Sweep nets (insects in long grass)
  3. Pitfall traps
  4. Tree beating (insects in trees)
  5. Kick sampling (organisms in riverbed)
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11
Q

What is a point quadrant?

A

A bar with long push pins, and whatever the pin lands on is recorded

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12
Q

What is a frame quadrant?

A

A square frame divided into equal sections

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13
Q

What is species richness?

A

Number of different species in an area

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14
Q

What is species evenness?

A

How many individuals in each species compared to other species in the area

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15
Q

How are abiotic factors in an area measured?

A

Using sensors that can hold information on computers

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16
Q

How are animal population sizes estimated?

A

Using capture mark release recapture method

17
Q

What are the components of the Simpson index of biodiversity calculation?

A

D = 1 - (sum of) (n/N)^2

N = total number of organisms in a species n = total number of organisms in individual species

18
Q

Why is genetic biodiversity so important?

A

It allows organisms to adapt to their environment as some individuals may have advantageous alleles preventing extinction

19
Q

How does gene flow occur? And what does it affect?

A

Gene flow occurs through interbreeding of different populations resulting in an impact on genetic biodiversity

20
Q

What is the genetic bottleneck and what does this impact?

A

When few individuals survive an event so gene pool is low and genetic biodiversity is impacted

21
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

A small number of individuals start a new colony resulting in a smaller gene pool

22
Q

What is genetic drift and what does it affect?

A

The random nature of alleles to be passed onto offspring affects the genetic biodiversity of a population

23
Q

How is genetic biodiversity measured?

A

The frequency of polymorphic genes

24
Q

What are the main 3 factors affecting biodiversity?

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Deforestation
  3. Climate change
25
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

A species that plays a key role in balancing and maintaining ecological community in an area

26
Q

What are the 3 reasons e would maintain biodiversity?

A
  1. Aesthetics
  2. Economic
  3. Ecological (interdependence of species)