Biodiversity - Module 4

Question 1

What is species abundance?

Answer 1

The amount of organisms in a species

Question 2

What are the 2 types of sampling?

Answer 2

1. Random sampling
2. Non - random sampling

Question 3

Describe how random sampling could be carried out

Answer 3

Measure a grid using 2 tape measures at right angles and using a random number generator, make coordinates and take temples using quadrant

Question 4

What are the 3 methods of non random sampling?

Answer 4

1. Opportunistic
2. Stratified
3. Systematic

Question 5

What is opportunistic sampling?

Answer 5

The weakest form of sampling that uses organisms readily available

Question 6

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 6

When populations are divided into subgroups based on characteristics

Question 7

What are the 2 methods of systematic sample and describe them?

Answer 7

1. Line transect
   Samples are taken at regular intervals along a line of organisms touching or within a distance of the line
2. Belt transect
   2 transects are set out parallel and samples are taken at intervals form the space between he two lines

Question 8

Give 2 reasons why samples are never fully representative?

Answer 8

1. Sampling bias - remove this by removing human involvement
2. Chance - organisms sampled may not be representative of the population

Question 9

How do you obtain more reliable sampling results?

Answer 9

Use a larger sample size

Question 10

What are 5 methods of sampling insects?

Answer 10

1. Pooter
2. Sweep nets (insects in long grass)
3. Pitfall traps
4. Tree beating (insects in trees)
5. Kick sampling (organisms in riverbed)

Question 11

What is a point quadrant?

Answer 11

A bar with long push pins, and whatever the pin lands on is recorded

Question 12

What is a frame quadrant?

Answer 12

A square frame divided into equal sections

Question 13

What is species richness?

Answer 13

Number of different species in an area

Question 14

What is species evenness?

Answer 14

How many individuals in each species compared to other species in the area

Question 15

How are abiotic factors in an area measured?

Answer 15

Using sensors that can hold information on computers

Question 16

How are animal population sizes estimated?

Answer 16

Using capture mark release recapture method

Question 17

What are the components of the Simpson index of biodiversity calculation?

Answer 17

D = 1 - (sum of) (n/N)^2

N = total number of organisms in a species n = total number of organisms in individual species

Question 18

Why is genetic biodiversity so important?

Answer 18

It allows organisms to adapt to their environment as some individuals may have advantageous alleles preventing extinction

Question 19

How does gene flow occur? And what does it affect?

Answer 19

Gene flow occurs through interbreeding of different populations resulting in an impact on genetic biodiversity

Question 20

What is the genetic bottleneck and what does this impact?

Answer 20

When few individuals survive an event so gene pool is low and genetic biodiversity is impacted

Question 21

What is the founder effect?

Answer 21

A small number of individuals start a new colony resulting in a smaller gene pool

Question 22

What is genetic drift and what does it affect?

Answer 22

The random nature of alleles to be passed onto offspring affects the genetic biodiversity of a population

Question 23

How is genetic biodiversity measured?

Answer 23

The frequency of polymorphic genes

Question 24

What are the main 3 factors affecting biodiversity?

Answer 24

1. Agriculture
2. Deforestation
3. Climate change

Question 25

What is a keystone species?

Answer 25

A species that plays a key role in balancing and maintaining ecological community in an area

Question 26

What are the 3 reasons e would maintain biodiversity?

Answer 26

1. Aesthetics
2. Economic
3. Ecological (interdependence of species)