Vasculature III

Question 1

What happens if you increase flow (stress) on a vessel

Answer 1

Increased outside diameter
Increased lumen diameter
No change in thickness

Question 2

What happens if you decrease flow (stress) on a vessel

Answer 2

Decreased outside diameter
Decreased lumen diameter
No change in thickness

Question 3

Affect of increased pressure on large artery

Answer 3

increased wall thickness

lumen diameter unchanged

Question 4

Affect of increased pressure on small artery

Answer 4

increased wall diameter
decreased lumen diameter
outside diameter unchanged

Question 5

Affect of increased pressure on arterioles

Answer 5

inward hypertrophy or inward remodeling or rarefaction

Question 6

Inward hypertrophy

Answer 6

increased wall thickness
decreased lumen diameter
outside diameter unchanged

Question 7

outward hypertropy

Answer 7

increased wall thickness

lumen diameter unchanged

Question 8

rarefaction

Answer 8

vessel loss

Question 9

inward (eutrophic) remodeling

Answer 9

decreased wall thickness

decreased wall diameter

Question 10

Endocardium

Answer 10

corresponds to tunica intima of vessels

Question 11

Myocardium

Answer 11

corresponds to tunica media

Question 12

3 types of cardiomyocytes

Answer 12

contractile, myoendocrine, specialized conductive

Question 13

epicardium

Answer 13

corresponds to tunica adventitia

Question 14

4 layers of endocardium

Answer 14

endothelium and it’s basal lamina
subendothelial layer
myoelastic layer
subendocardium

Question 15

Subendocardium

Answer 15

has purkinje fibers

thickest part

Question 16

Where are atrial nartiuretic factor and B-type natriuretic factor found?

Answer 16

ventricles

Question 17

When is B-type natriuretic factor elevated

Answer 17

congestive heart failure.

Question 18

How can you tell if it’s epicardium in the sulcus

Answer 18

mesothelium at the top, has coronary artery and adipose tissue

Question 19

How can you tell if it’s epicardium outside the sulcus

Answer 19

no adipose tissue. Fibrocollagenous look

Question 20

Cardiac Skeleton

Answer 20

Anchors cardiac valves
Provides insulation that separates conduction systems of atrium and ventricles
Fibrous

Question 21

3 layers of AV valves

Answer 21

atrialis
Spongiosa
Fibrosa

Question 22

3 layers of semilunar valves

Answer 22

fibrosa
spongiosa
ventricularis

Question 23

When does calcific degeneration of aortic valve happen

Answer 23

pt’s with atherosclerotic risk factors

Question 24

SA node

Answer 24

acts as the pacemaker
smaller than atrial cells
contains few myofibers
doe not stain acidophilic

Question 25

Purkinje fibers

Answer 25

make up AV bundle
travel in the subendocardium
Connected to muscle cells by gap junctions

Question 26

How to tell if it’s a purkinje fiber

Answer 26

intercalated discs
twice diameter of cardiac muscle cells
few myofibrils
abundant glycogen (clear areas)
1 or 2 nuclei per cell

Question 27

Cardiac Stem Cells (CSC) and early committed cells (ECCs)

Answer 27

• can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium
• found in AV sulcus
• differentiate into cardiomyocytes, SMCs and endothelial cells

Question 28

hCSCs

Answer 28

replace the myocyte compartment 11 or 15 times

Question 29

Lymphatic capillary

Answer 29

thin
basal lamina is absent or discontinuous 
interstitial fluid
anchoring fibrils
pericytes (and RBCs) absent

Question 30

Medium-sized lymphatic vessel

Answer 30

• more muscular
• formed by tunica media and smooth muscle
• can see lymph and leukocytes in the lumen

Question 31

LYVE-1

Answer 31

secreted by lymphatic endothelial cells
look brown
indicates metastasis

Question 32

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Answer 32

immune response causes vegetations on mitral valve and aschoff body formation
due to anitbodies cross reacting with self- antigens in heart and T cell mediated reactions