Vasculature III Flashcards
What happens if you increase flow (stress) on a vessel
Increased outside diameter
Increased lumen diameter
No change in thickness
What happens if you decrease flow (stress) on a vessel
Decreased outside diameter
Decreased lumen diameter
No change in thickness
Affect of increased pressure on large artery
increased wall thickness
lumen diameter unchanged
Affect of increased pressure on small artery
increased wall diameter
decreased lumen diameter
outside diameter unchanged
Affect of increased pressure on arterioles
inward hypertrophy or inward remodeling or rarefaction
Inward hypertrophy
increased wall thickness
decreased lumen diameter
outside diameter unchanged
outward hypertropy
increased wall thickness
lumen diameter unchanged
rarefaction
vessel loss
inward (eutrophic) remodeling
decreased wall thickness
decreased wall diameter
Endocardium
corresponds to tunica intima of vessels
Myocardium
corresponds to tunica media
3 types of cardiomyocytes
contractile, myoendocrine, specialized conductive
epicardium
corresponds to tunica adventitia
4 layers of endocardium
endothelium and it’s basal lamina
subendothelial layer
myoelastic layer
subendocardium
Subendocardium
has purkinje fibers
thickest part
Where are atrial nartiuretic factor and B-type natriuretic factor found?
ventricles
When is B-type natriuretic factor elevated
congestive heart failure.
How can you tell if it’s epicardium in the sulcus
mesothelium at the top, has coronary artery and adipose tissue
How can you tell if it’s epicardium outside the sulcus
no adipose tissue. Fibrocollagenous look
Cardiac Skeleton
Anchors cardiac valves
Provides insulation that separates conduction systems of atrium and ventricles
Fibrous
3 layers of AV valves
atrialis
Spongiosa
Fibrosa
3 layers of semilunar valves
fibrosa
spongiosa
ventricularis
When does calcific degeneration of aortic valve happen
pt’s with atherosclerotic risk factors
SA node
acts as the pacemaker
smaller than atrial cells
contains few myofibers
doe not stain acidophilic
Purkinje fibers
make up AV bundle
travel in the subendocardium
Connected to muscle cells by gap junctions
How to tell if it’s a purkinje fiber
intercalated discs twice diameter of cardiac muscle cells few myofibrils abundant glycogen (clear areas) 1 or 2 nuclei per cell
Cardiac Stem Cells (CSC) and early committed cells (ECCs)
- can be activated to reconstitute necrotic myocardium
- found in AV sulcus
- differentiate into cardiomyocytes, SMCs and endothelial cells
hCSCs
replace the myocyte compartment 11 or 15 times
Lymphatic capillary
thin basal lamina is absent or discontinuous interstitial fluid anchoring fibrils pericytes (and RBCs) absent
Medium-sized lymphatic vessel
- more muscular
- formed by tunica media and smooth muscle
- can see lymph and leukocytes in the lumen
LYVE-1
secreted by lymphatic endothelial cells
look brown
indicates metastasis
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
immune response causes vegetations on mitral valve and aschoff body formation
due to anitbodies cross reacting with self- antigens in heart and T cell mediated reactions
