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Cell Biology Exam 3 > Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average volume of blood for a 70 kg male

A

5.5 L

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2
Q

pH of arterial blood

A

7.4

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3
Q

pH of venous blood

A

7.35

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4
Q

If you centrifuge blood what is at the very bottom

A

heaviest elements - erythrocytes (RBCs)

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5
Q

If you centrifuge blood what is in the middle

A

buffy coat, made of leukocytes and platelets

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6
Q

If you centrifuge blood what is at the top

A

plasma that is straw colored

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7
Q

Hematocrit

A

percentage of blood that is RBCs

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8
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for an adult female

A

40

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9
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for an adult male

A

45

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10
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for a newborn

A

55, decreases to 35 at 2 months, then you get to adult values at puberty

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11
Q

Why is plasma straw colored during fasting.

A

bilirubin

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12
Q

What happens to plasma after a high fat meal

A

turns white

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13
Q

Albumin

A

important because of colloid osmotic pressure. Regulates pressure by pulling fluid back into blood out of tissue. Low albumin leads to edema.

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14
Q

How does liver failure affect albumin

A

decreases it

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15
Q

transferrin

A

carries iron

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16
Q

plasminogen

A

regulates clotting

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17
Q

Gamma-globulins

A

synthesized by plasma cells. Are antibodies

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18
Q

What are the clotting factors

A

prothrombin, fibrinogen, accelerator globin (aka factor VII)

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19
Q

Complement proteins

A

help with immunity and inflammation

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20
Q

Lipoporteins

A

transport cholesterol and triglycerides

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21
Q

RBCs

A

biconcave disc, which helps faciliatate gas exchange. Cytoskeletal components are pressent.

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22
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many RBCs

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23
Q

anemia

A

too little RBCs

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24
Q

Glycophorins

A

cytoskeleton proteins that are unique to RBCs. function unknown

25
Q

Band 3

A

antiporter of Cl- and HCO3-

26
Q

Band 4.1

A

anchors cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

27
Q

Adducin

A

a calmodulin binding protein. promotes an actin-spectin association

28
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

causes misshaped RBCs (turn round) these get eliminated by macrophages

29
Q

Hereditary ellipotcytosis

A

elliptical shaped blood cells. Due to mutation in glycophorin protein, 4.1, or spectrin

30
Q

How to tell which antigens are important or not

A

Kell - kills
Duffy - dies
Lewis -lives

31
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh neg mom, Rh pos fetus. Treat with RhoGAM

32
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

inclusion visible in RBC. Small basocphilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of erythrocytes. Present in pt’s with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy

33
Q

Heinz body

A

cytoplasmic inclusion in RBCs seen in those with G6PD deficiency. Put ketchup on your fava beans

34
Q

Reticulocyte

A

precursor to mature erythrocyte. Has specks of basophilia because of clusters of free polysomes. Increase if demand of O2 is not fully met

35
Q

how abundant is Neutrophil

A

most abundant granulocyte

36
Q

how abundant is Basophil

A

least abundant granulocyte

37
Q

how abundant is Lymphocyte

A

2nd most abundant leukocyte

38
Q

How to recognize neutrophil at LM level

A

much larger than RBCs

39
Q

How to recognize neutrophil at EM level

A

uniform density of granules, relatively dark. lobes visible in nucleus

40
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytic cell. elevated in bacterial infection

41
Q

Azurophilic (primary) granule

A

found in every type of white blood cell. Always represent lysosomes

42
Q

Specific (secondary) granule

A

light pink. Contain enzymes that are antimicrobial in function

43
Q

Tertiary grandules

A

contain enzymes that allow neutrophil to degrade basal lamina
aid in migration to site of inflammation

44
Q

Band neutrophil

A

precursor to neutrophil. increase in these signals infection

45
Q

Neutrophilic changes in bacterial sepsis

A

abnormal inclusions. Dohle bodys

46
Q

Eosinophils

A

nucleus is bilobed. Has azurophilic and specific granules. elevated in allergic reactions, IBD, and parasitic infection

47
Q

How to tell if it’s a eosinophil at EM level

A

white strip going through granule

48
Q

Basophils

A

S-shaped nucleus. Has azurophilc and specific granules. decreased in acute allergic reactions.

49
Q

How to tell if it’s a basophil at EM level

A

specific granules with lighter center and darker halo

50
Q

Lymphocyte

A

mostly small, but can come in medium or large. prominent nucleus which occupies most of cytoplasm. elevated in viral infections

51
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humal-mediated immunity. differentiates into plasma cells

52
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cells mediated immunity

53
Q

Monocytes

A

one of the largest leukocytes. Has prominent, horseshoe or kidney shaped nucleus. Cytoplasm is dark. Has azurophilic granules. Migrates into tissues where they differentiate into macrophages

54
Q

4 zones of platelets

A

peripheral, structural, membrane, and organelle

55
Q

Peripheral zone of platelet contains

A

plasmalemma and glycocalyx

56
Q

Structural zone of platelet contains

A

microtubules and actin/myosin. contractile in nature

57
Q

membrane zone of platelet contains

A

open canalicular and dense tubular systems

58
Q

organelle zone of platelet contains

A

mitochondria, glycogen, perozisomes, and three types of tranules

59
Q

platelets

A

have fractured megakaryocytes and functions in blood clotting and tissue repair

Cell Biology Exam 3 (10 decks)

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