Peripheral Blood Flashcards by Natalie Slaughter

What is the average volume of blood for a 70 kg male

5.5 L

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pH of arterial blood

7.4

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pH of venous blood

7.35

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If you centrifuge blood what is at the very bottom

heaviest elements - erythrocytes (RBCs)

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If you centrifuge blood what is in the middle

buffy coat, made of leukocytes and platelets

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If you centrifuge blood what is at the top

plasma that is straw colored

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Hematocrit

percentage of blood that is RBCs

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What is the normal hematocrit for an adult female

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What is the normal hematocrit for an adult male

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What is the normal hematocrit for a newborn

55, decreases to 35 at 2 months, then you get to adult values at puberty

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Why is plasma straw colored during fasting.

bilirubin

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What happens to plasma after a high fat meal

turns white

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Albumin

important because of colloid osmotic pressure. Regulates pressure by pulling fluid back into blood out of tissue. Low albumin leads to edema.

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How does liver failure affect albumin

decreases it

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transferrin

carries iron

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plasminogen

regulates clotting

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Gamma-globulins

synthesized by plasma cells. Are antibodies

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What are the clotting factors

prothrombin, fibrinogen, accelerator globin (aka factor VII)

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Complement proteins

help with immunity and inflammation

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Lipoporteins

transport cholesterol and triglycerides

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RBCs

biconcave disc, which helps faciliatate gas exchange. Cytoskeletal components are pressent.

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Polycythemia

too many RBCs

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anemia

too little RBCs

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Glycophorins

cytoskeleton proteins that are unique to RBCs. function unknown

Band 3

antiporter of Cl- and HCO3-

Band 4.1

anchors cytoskeletal components by complexing with spectrin, glycophorin, and actin

Adducin

a calmodulin binding protein. promotes an actin-spectin association

Hereditary spherocytosis

causes misshaped RBCs (turn round) these get eliminated by macrophages

Hereditary ellipotcytosis

elliptical shaped blood cells. Due to mutation in glycophorin protein, 4.1, or spectrin

How to tell which antigens are important or not

Kell - kills Duffy - dies Lewis -lives

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Rh neg mom, Rh pos fetus. Treat with RhoGAM

Howell-Jolly bodies

inclusion visible in RBC. Small basocphilic nuclear fragments in cytoplasm of erythrocytes. Present in pt's with severe hemolytic anemia, dysfunctional spleens, or after splenectomy

Heinz body

cytoplasmic inclusion in RBCs seen in those with G6PD deficiency. Put ketchup on your fava beans

Reticulocyte

precursor to mature erythrocyte. Has specks of basophilia because of clusters of free polysomes. Increase if demand of O2 is not fully met

how abundant is Neutrophil

most abundant granulocyte

how abundant is Basophil

least abundant granulocyte

how abundant is Lymphocyte

2nd most abundant leukocyte

How to recognize neutrophil at LM level

much larger than RBCs

How to recognize neutrophil at EM level

uniform density of granules, relatively dark. lobes visible in nucleus

Neutrophil

phagocytic cell. elevated in bacterial infection

Azurophilic (primary) granule

found in every type of white blood cell. Always represent lysosomes

Specific (secondary) granule

light pink. Contain enzymes that are antimicrobial in function

Tertiary grandules

contain enzymes that allow neutrophil to degrade basal lamina aid in migration to site of inflammation

Band neutrophil

precursor to neutrophil. increase in these signals infection

Neutrophilic changes in bacterial sepsis

abnormal inclusions. Dohle bodys

Eosinophils

nucleus is bilobed. Has azurophilic and specific granules. elevated in allergic reactions, IBD, and parasitic infection

How to tell if it's a eosinophil at EM level

white strip going through granule

Basophils

S-shaped nucleus. Has azurophilc and specific granules. decreased in acute allergic reactions.

How to tell if it's a basophil at EM level

specific granules with lighter center and darker halo

Lymphocyte

mostly small, but can come in medium or large. prominent nucleus which occupies most of cytoplasm. elevated in viral infections

B lymphocytes

humal-mediated immunity. differentiates into plasma cells

T lymphocytes

cells mediated immunity

Monocytes

one of the largest leukocytes. Has prominent, horseshoe or kidney shaped nucleus. Cytoplasm is dark. Has azurophilic granules. Migrates into tissues where they differentiate into macrophages

4 zones of platelets

peripheral, structural, membrane, and organelle

Peripheral zone of platelet contains

plasmalemma and glycocalyx

Structural zone of platelet contains

microtubules and actin/myosin. contractile in nature

membrane zone of platelet contains

open canalicular and dense tubular systems

organelle zone of platelet contains

mitochondria, glycogen, perozisomes, and three types of tranules

platelets

have fractured megakaryocytes and functions in blood clotting and tissue repair