Endocrine Glands I

Question 1

Exocrine glands

Answer 1

release their secretory product into a system of ducts

Question 2

Endocrine glands

Answer 2

release hormones into extracellular space which pass into bloodstream which transports them to their target organs (no ducts)

Question 3

Hypothalamus

Answer 3

coordinates endocrine functions

integrates endocrine and ANS functions

Question 4

Neurons in hypothalamus

Answer 4

synthesize and secretes neurotransmitters

Question 5

Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

Answer 5

synthesize hypothalamic hormones

Question 6

Neurosecretory hormones

Answer 6

transported down the axons to the axon terminal via vesicles

Question 7

Which lobe is neural, which is glandular

Answer 7

posterior is neural

anterior is glandular

Question 8

Path of neurosecretory hormones

Answer 8

1) transported down axons to axon terminal via vesicles
2) released into the primary capillary plexus
3) drain into hypophyseal portal veins
4) go to secondary capillary plexus in anterior love of pituitary gland

Question 9

Chromophils

Answer 9

color friendly glandular cells

Question 10

Chromophobes

Answer 10

don’t stain

Question 11

Path of Somatotropin releasing hormone (S-RH)

Answer 11

• released from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
• influences acidophilic somatotropes
• somatotropes synthesize somatropin (GH)

Question 12

Growth Hormone

Answer 12

influences long bone growth in epiphyseal growth plates

increases cellular metabolism in skeletal muscle in adipose tissue

Question 13

Gigantism

Answer 13

excessive GH in children

ex) somatotrophic adenoma

Question 14

Acromegaly

Answer 14

excessive GH in adults

get excessive growth of hands, feet, facial bones, and jaw

Question 15

prolactin releasing hormone

Answer 15

produced by neurons in hypothalamus
transported into anterior pituitary
stimulates mammotropes (lactotropes) to synthesize prolactin

Question 16

prolactin

Answer 16

stimulates mammary gland growth during pregnancy. stimulates lactation following birth

Question 17

Pituitary adenoma

Answer 17

large, benign tumor. compresses neural tissue

Question 18

prolactinoma

Answer 18

causes vision deficients, galactorrhea, excessive release of prolactin

Question 19

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Answer 19

secreted by hypothalamus
travels to anterior pituitary gland
stimulates coritoctropes
corticotropes release adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ACTH passes into general circulation to influence adrenal cortex

Question 20

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Answer 20

secreted by hypthalamus
stimulates basophilic thyrotropes in anterior pituitary
thyrotopes relase thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH passes into general circulation to influence thyroid gland

Question 21

Gonadotropin Relasing Hormone

Answer 21

secreted by hypothalamus
Gn-RH stimulates basophilic gonadotropes
Gonadotropes release follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone

Question 22

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei

Answer 22

are in hypothalamus

axons are bunched in the hypothalamohyophyseal tract and are not myelinated

Question 23

Neurosecretory cells

Answer 23

synthesize ADH (vasopresson) and oxytocin

Question 24

ADH and oxytocin axons form

Answer 24

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 25

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminates where

Answer 25

posterior pituitary

Question 26

ADH

Answer 26

causes kidney to produce concentrated urine, conserves water

Question 27

Oxytocin

Answer 27

stimulates myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland to contract and eject milk
causes contraction of myometrium during childbirth

Question 28

Pituicytes

Answer 28

filler tissue that provide physical and physiological support to hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Question 29

thyrocapsule

Answer 29

derived from deep cervical fascia

covers thyroid gland

Question 30

Parathyroid glands

Answer 30

embedded in thyroid capsule covering the posterior surface of the gland

Question 31

thyroid gland

Answer 31

synthesizes T3, T4, and calcitonin

highly vascular

Question 32

thyroglobulins

Answer 32

inactive thyroid hormones

Question 33

thyroid follicle

Answer 33

basic functional and structural unit of the thyroid gland

Question 34

parafollicular cells

Answer 34

islands of cells in the thyroid gland

secrete calcitonin when blood Ca2+ is elevated

Question 35

Calcitonin

Answer 35

causes osteoclasts to retain Ca2+ and promotes osteoid calcification

Question 36

Thyroglobulin synthesis

Answer 36

synthesized in cytosol on surface of rER
enters rER for glycosylation
glycosylation finishes in the golgi and is exocytoses to the lumen

Question 37

Iodine

Answer 37

gets reduced to iodide in GI tract, passes into bloodstream
binds to calcium
high concentration in thyroid gland
imported into follicle by active transport

Question 38

Thyroid peroxidase

Answer 38

an apical-membrane bound enzyme that oxidizes iodide back to iodine with H2O2

Question 39

Affects of T3 and T4

Answer 39

increase cellular metabolism, growth rate, mental activity

Stimulate endocrine gland function, carbohydrate metabolism

Question 40

Increase of thyroid hormone synthesis causes

Answer 40

decrease in body weight

increase in heart rate, metabolism, respiration, muscle function, appetite

Question 41

Toxic high levels of thyroid hormone results in

Answer 41

muscle tremor
fatigue
impotence
abnormal menstrual bleeding

Question 42

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 42

eye protrusion
goiter
produce autoantibodies to TSH receptors