Endocrine Glands II Flashcards
What happens to adipose tissue in parathyroid gland
increases as we age
Chief (principle) cells
secrete PTH granules
most numerous
Oxyphil Cells
may be dormant, inactive cells
eosinophilic due to mitochondria
PTH function
regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
pumps up calcium
decreases phosphate
How does PTH affect bone
attaches to osteoblast receptors
causes osteoblasts to release osteoclast-stimulating factor which triggers osetoclast activity, freeing Ca++ from bone to enter blood stream
How does PTH affect kidney
conserves Ca++
excretes phosphate
How does PTH affect GI
controls formation of vit D in kidneys
Vit D facilitates Ca++ absorption in the GI
What is the relationship between PTH and calcitonin
have opposite affects
Hypoparathyoridism
leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany
Tetany
neuromuscular irritability
Hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia, get urinary tract stones and calcification of other areas
Exocrine pancreas
secretes digestive juices
What color do beta cells stain
blue
What color do alpha cells stain
pink
Alpha cells
secrete glucagon
this increases blood glucose levels
Beta cells
secretes insulin
This decreases blood glucose levels
Delta cells
secrete somatostatin
this reduces smooth muscle contraction of digestive tract and gallbladder
G cells
secrete gastrin
this stimulates the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa to produce HCl
PP cells (F cells)
secrete pancreatic polypeptide
this inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions. decreases digestive activity
Zona Glomerulosa
secretes mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) "ball of yarn"
Aldosterone
conserves sodium
Zona Fasciculata
main portion of suprarenal cortex secretes glucorticoids (cortisol)
cortisol
controls carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
Cushing syndrome
causes obesity (especially in the face, neck, and trunk)
can also cause amenorrhea and impotence
caused by administration of glucocorticoid drugs (prednisone)
Zona Reticularis
secretes weak androgens
closest to medulla
How to tell if it’s glomerulosa
lots of sER, rER, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and lipid deposits
How to tell if it’s fasciculata
many lipid droplets give it a foamy appearance
How to tell if it’s feticularis
more intensely staining
has ER and golgi apparatus
Suprarenal medulla
derived from neural crest cells
is a modified sympathetic ganglion
Chromaffin cells
receive axon terminals of preganglionic sympathetic neurons of splanchnic nerves
are postganglionic sympathetic cells
synthesize catecholamines
Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
