Endocrine Glands II

Question 1

What happens to adipose tissue in parathyroid gland

Answer 1

increases as we age

Question 2

Chief (principle) cells

Answer 2

secrete PTH granules

most numerous

Question 3

Oxyphil Cells

Answer 3

may be dormant, inactive cells

eosinophilic due to mitochondria

Question 4

PTH function

Answer 4

regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
pumps up calcium
decreases phosphate

Question 5

How does PTH affect bone

Answer 5

attaches to osteoblast receptors
causes osteoblasts to release osteoclast-stimulating factor which triggers osetoclast activity, freeing Ca++ from bone to enter blood stream

Question 6

How does PTH affect kidney

Answer 6

conserves Ca++

excretes phosphate

Question 7

How does PTH affect GI

Answer 7

controls formation of vit D in kidneys

Vit D facilitates Ca++ absorption in the GI

Question 8

What is the relationship between PTH and calcitonin

Answer 8

have opposite affects

Question 9

Hypoparathyoridism

Answer 9

leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany

Question 10

Tetany

Answer 10

neuromuscular irritability

Question 11

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 11

hypercalcemia, get urinary tract stones and calcification of other areas

Question 12

Exocrine pancreas

Answer 12

secretes digestive juices

Question 13

What color do beta cells stain

Answer 13

blue

Question 14

What color do alpha cells stain

Answer 14

pink

Question 15

Alpha cells

Answer 15

secrete glucagon

this increases blood glucose levels

Question 16

Beta cells

Answer 16

secretes insulin

This decreases blood glucose levels

Question 17

Delta cells

Answer 17

secrete somatostatin

this reduces smooth muscle contraction of digestive tract and gallbladder

Question 18

G cells

Answer 18

secrete gastrin

this stimulates the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa to produce HCl

Question 19

PP cells (F cells)

Answer 19

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

this inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions. decreases digestive activity

Question 20

Zona Glomerulosa

Answer 20

secretes mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
"ball of yarn"

Question 21

Aldosterone

Answer 21

conserves sodium

Question 22

Zona Fasciculata

Answer 22

main portion of suprarenal cortex
secretes glucorticoids (cortisol)

Question 23

cortisol

Answer 23

controls carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 24

Cushing syndrome

Answer 24

causes obesity (especially in the face, neck, and trunk)
can also cause amenorrhea and impotence
caused by administration of glucocorticoid drugs (prednisone)

Question 25

Zona Reticularis

Answer 25

secretes weak androgens

closest to medulla

Question 26

How to tell if it’s glomerulosa

Answer 26

lots of sER, rER, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and lipid deposits

Question 27

How to tell if it’s fasciculata

Answer 27

many lipid droplets give it a foamy appearance

Question 28

How to tell if it’s feticularis

Answer 28

more intensely staining

has ER and golgi apparatus

Question 29

Suprarenal medulla

Answer 29

derived from neural crest cells

is a modified sympathetic ganglion

Question 30

Chromaffin cells

Answer 30

receive axon terminals of preganglionic sympathetic neurons of splanchnic nerves
are postganglionic sympathetic cells
synthesize catecholamines

Question 31

Catecholamines

Answer 31

epinephrine and norepinephrine