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human form and function > vasculature and blood cells > Flashcards

vasculature and blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is vasculature

A

network of blood vessels in the body or within an organ

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2
Q

types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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3
Q

where does the gas exchange happen

A

in capillary bed (O2 and CO2)

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4
Q

layers of an artery and a venule

A

tunica interna (intima), tunica media and tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

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5
Q

what type of cells line the lumen

A

endothelium

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6
Q

what forms the tunica interna (intima)

A

layer of epithelial cells (endothelium)

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7
Q

what forms the tunica media

A

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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8
Q

what forms the tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the difference between the layers of arteries and venules

A

tunica media in arteries:

  • thicker because it has to pump blood around body
  • less elastic fibres, mostly smooth muscle
  • small lumen compared to wall thickness
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10
Q

what happens if arteries are constricted

A

blood pressure goes up

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11
Q

what is an anastamosis

A

point where 2 blood vessels join/merge

there is communication between arterial branches

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12
Q

what is the advantage of anastomosis

A

it gives an alternative route for blood supply if one fails - collateral circulation

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13
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

anastomoses at the base of the brain - very important for brain blood supply - blood can come from another vessels if one is blocked

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14
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

an inflammatory disease where cholesterol enters the vessel wall - build up of fat in the vessel wall

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15
Q

what are the consequences of atherosclerosis

A

it narrows lumen and render wall less elastic
more resistance to blood
less blood circulation
myocardial infarction or stroke

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16
Q

what causes myocardial infarction or stroke

A

fat particles on the vessel wall fall off and get into the bloodstream - can cause a blockage - embolia

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17
Q

what are capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels, exchange vessels

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18
Q

wall of capillaries

A

only tunica intima:

single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane - this makes them very permeable for gas exchange

19
Q

the 3 structural type of capillaries

A

continous, fenestrated and sinusoid

20
Q

characteristics of continuous capillaries

A 
complete basement membrane 
endothelial layer (tunica intima) has intercellular clefts to allow proteins in
21
Q

characteristic of fenestrated capillaries

A

complete basement membrane
fenestrations in endothelial layer
in kidneys and luver for nutrient exchange

22
Q

characteristics of sinusoid capillaries

A

incomplete basement membrane intercelular

23
Q

two types of venules

A

post capillary and muscular

24
Q

characteristics of post capillary venules

A 
smallest, 
no tunica media, 
sparse tunica externa
very porous
site of white blood cell migration
25
Q

characteristics of muscular venules

A

microscopic
tunica media 1-2 layer of smooth muscle
sparse tunica externa
no more exchange with interstitial fluid

26
Q

how is pressure in veins

A

low pressure

27
Q

layers of veins

A

large lumen

poorly developed tunica media

28
Q

what causes varicose veins

A

vein walls loose elasticity -> they weaken and dilate
incompetent valves so backflow can’t be prevented
abnormal blood flow so veins dilate even more

29
Q

what is blood

A

the fluid of the circulatory system (plasma and cells)

30
Q

functions of blood

A
  1. transportation: nutrients and waste (co2)
  2. protection: immune system
  3. regulation: hormones, proteins, etc
31
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

blood production

32
Q

what is haemorrhaging

A

blood loss

33
Q

blood components (4)

A
  1. red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  2. white blood cells (eukocytes) less than 1%
  3. platelets (thrombocytes) involved in clotting - block a leakage
  4. plasma
34
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

in bone marrow (inner bone) and in kidney

35
Q

what forms the red blood cells

A

haemoglobin protein

no nucleus

36
Q

what is anaemia

A

low number of erythrocytes - low iron

37
Q

functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

protection and phagocytosis

38
Q

major classes of leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

2. agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

39
Q

abnormal leukocyte levels

A

leukopenia: low white blood cell count -> infection
leukocytosis: high white blood cells -> inflammation

40
Q

what are platelets (thrombocytes)

A

cell fragments which control blood loss

41
Q

platelet counts

A

normal: 150,000-450,000 platelets/uL
thrombocytosis: >450,000 - blood test
thrombocytopenia: <150,000 - they’ll bleed out and take longer to clot

42
Q

what is plasma

A

is the straw-coloured liquid in which the blood cells are suspended
half of our blood is made of plasma

43
Q

composition of plasma

A
  1. water: 92%
  2. proteins - major protein= albumin involved in water regulation
  3. glucose
  4. electrolytes

human form and function (11 decks)

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