Respiration

Question 1

diaphragm

Answer 1

dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
very thin tissue
xiphoid attached to lower ribs

Question 2

pleura

Answer 2

slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of thorax and abdomen

Question 3

visceral pleura

Answer 3

clings to the surface of the lungs

Question 4

parietal pleura

Answer 4

lines the chest walls, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm

Question 5

pleural cavity

Answer 5

in between the two pleural layers, filled with a small amount of lubricating fluid

Question 6

trachea

Answer 6

tubular passageway for air

Question 7

how do vena cava, sort and oesophagus go through diaphragm

Answer 7

3 holes:
foramen for inferior vena cava (in central tendon)
foramen for aorta (at bottom of diaphragm)
foramen for oesophagus

Question 8

what type of muscle forms diaphragm

Answer 8

skeletal muscle - voluntary control of breathing (important for i.e. speaking)

Question 9

active breathing

Answer 9

depends on diaphragm

assisted by movement of rib cage

Question 10

what happens to the diaphragm when we inhale (breathe in)

Answer 10

diaphragm goes down 2-3 vertical levels

Question 11

true ribs

Answer 11

upper ribs
1-7
articulate with the sternum via costal cartilages (attached to sternum)

Question 12

false ribs

Answer 12

lower ribs
8-10
they do not articulate with the sternum
they articulate with costa cartilage above

Question 13

floating ribs

Answer 13

last 2 ribs
11-12
not in contact with the sternum, floating

Question 14

joint between vertebral head and head of rib

Answer 14

synovial joint

Question 15

joint between transverse process and tubercle of rib

Answer 15

synovial joint

Question 16

intercostal space

Answer 16

spaces between ribs

Question 17

layers of intercostal space (3)

Answer 17

external, internal and innermost intercostal muscle

Question 18

external intercostal muscle

Answer 18

2 handles
bucket handle pulls ribs upwards and outwards
pump handle sternum moves upwards and forwards

Question 19

internal intercostal muscle

Answer 19

for exhalation

pulls ribs backwards and downwards

Question 20

inhalation

Answer 20

chest expands, diaphragm contracts and goes down 2-3 vertical levels

Question 21

exhalation

Answer 21

chest contracts, diaphragm relaxes and goes up 2-3 vertical levels

Question 22

extreme breathing

Answer 22

involves rib cage, diaphragm

involves muscles of neck and trunk as accessory muscles of respiration

Question 23

why do lungs expand

Answer 23

when the chest expands, the parietal pleura is pulled outwards due to the tensions between the parietal and visceral pleuras caused by the fluid in between

Question 24

how many breaths needed to recycle the air

Answer 24

5 - with each breath, 20% of air is exchanged

Question 25

why do lungs contract

Answer 25

they contain a vast network of elastic fibres

after expansion, the lung wants to return to original form and size

Question 26

lung resting size

Answer 26

size of a fist/tennis ball

regardless of exhalation/inhalation

Question 27

respiratory epithelium functions

Answer 27

lines the respiratory tract
moistens and protects the airways
barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles
prevents infection and tissue injury by mucociliary clearance

Question 28

cells that form the respiratory epithelium

Answer 28

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

goblet cells that contain mucus granules to secrete mucus

Question 29

mucus

Answer 29

helps maintain epithelial moisture

traps particles and pathogens moving through the airway

Question 30

mucus layers

Answer 30

watery layer humidifies air - sheet is moved by cilia

sticky layer cleans the air - particles stick to this layer

Question 31

how is air that come in airways heated

Answer 31

by blood vessels underneath the cells

Question 32

what lines the internal nose (nose cavity)

Answer 32

lined with muscle and mucous membrane

Question 33

nasal septum

Answer 33

vertical portion that divides the nasal cavity into right and left

Question 34

what are paranasal sinuses

Answer 34

cavities lines with mucous membrane that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity - drain mucus

Question 35

paranasal sinuses

Answer 35

ethmoid labyrinth and maxillae (maxillary sinus)

Question 36

conchae

Answer 36

bones surrounded by curved holes so the air, when it enters through the nostrils, spins and the dust particles are thrown to the mucus lining
they increase surface area of internal nose

Question 37

divisions of conchae

Answer 37

superior, middle and inferior - extend put of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Question 38

vestibule

Answer 38

where the air passes first when entering the nostrils

lines by skin containing coarse hairs that filter out large dust particles

Question 39

olfactory epithelium

Answer 39

made up of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells
contains cilia but not goblet cells.