heart and major vessels

Question 1

how is the heart positioned in thorax

Answer 1

it is tilted
not in the middle
left side goes behind

Question 2

what is the mediastinum

Answer 2

cavity where heart lies

Question 3

superior mediastinum

Answer 3

contains trachea

Question 4

borders of mediastinum

Answer 4

superior - great vessels enter and leave
inferior - lies on diaphragm (5th intercostal space rib)
lateral borders - face lungs

Question 5

what does the anterior coronary sulcus divide

Answer 5

marks division between atria and ventricles
continues posteriorly
right coronary artery in sulcus anteriorly

Question 6

what does the anterior interventricular sulcus divide

Answer 6

marks division between ventricles;
continues posteriorly as posterior inter ventricular sulcus
left anterior descending from left coronary artery in sulcus anteriorly

Question 7

what are auricles

Answer 7

atrial appendages

increase capacity

Question 8

posterior landmarks

Answer 8

coronary sulcus, posterior inter ventricular sulcus

Question 9

what does the posterior coronary sulcus divide

Answer 9

marks division between atria and ventricles;
continues anteriorly
coronary sinus in sulcus

Question 10

where does the posterior descending artery come from

Answer 10

both sides

Question 11

what is the pericardium

Answer 11

sac that protects the heart

it fuses with the outside tissue of vessels

Question 12

function of the pericardium fluid

Answer 12

shock absorber

Question 13

types of pericardium

Answer 13

fibrous and serous

Question 14

anterior landmarks

Answer 14

coronary landmarks, anterior inter ventricular sulcus, auricles

Question 15

posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 15

marks division between ventricles;
continus anteriorly as anterior inter ventricular sulcus
posterior descending A from Left coronary artery or right coronary artery in sulcus

Question 16

characteristics of fibrous pericardium

Answer 16

• tough and inelastic
• rests on/attachment to diaphragm
• open end fused with great vessels

Question 17

layers of serous pericardium

Answer 17

parietal, visceral and pericardial

Question 18

where is the parietal layer fused to

Answer 18

it is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium

Question 19

what is the visceral layer

Answer 19

continuation/ part of the epicardium

Question 20

what is the pericardial cavity

Answer 20

space between the parietal and visceral layers

contains pericardial fluid

Question 21

layers of the heart wall

Answer 21

outer to inner:

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 22

what is the epicardium

Answer 22

visceral serous pericardium

Question 23

what is the myocardium

Answer 23

cardiac muscle that pumps

Question 24

what is the endocardium

Answer 24

continuous with the endothelium of large vessels of heart

Question 25

heart chambers

Answer 25

right and left atria | right and left ventricles

Question 26

where does the right atrium receive blood from

Answer 26

deoxygenated blood from vena cava and from coronary sinus --> from the body

Question 27

where does the blood from the right ventricle go to

Answer 27

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

Question 28

where does the left atrium receive blood from

Answer 28

receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins

Question 29

where does the left ventricle pump blood to

Answer 29

pumps oxygenated blood into aorta to body (systemic circulation)

Question 30

what does oxygenated blood mean

Answer 30

higher [O2] than [CO2]

Question 31

what does deoxygenated blood mean

Answer 31

higher [CO2] than [O2]

Question 32

function of valves

Answer 32

prevents back flow of blood

Question 33

atrioventricular (AV) valves

Answer 33

right AV tricuspid | left AV is bicuspid (mitral)

Question 34

semilunar (SL) valves

Answer 34

3 semilunar cusps at origin of emerging arteries (pulmonary and aortic)

Question 35

what are the chordae tendineae

Answer 35

strings coming out of valve to shut it

Question 36

what is the fossa ovalis

Answer 36

foramen in right atrium that separates atria when the baby is in the womb (blood doesn't need to go to lungs so it goes directly from RA to the LA) when the baby grows the hole is sealed

Question 37

what is the musculi pectinatae

Answer 37

contraction muscle

Question 38

how many pulmonary veins are there

Answer 38

4 - 2 connected to right lung, 2 connected to left lung

Question 39

what type of blood does the vena cavae carry

Answer 39

returns deoxygenated blood to RA from everything above heart (SVC) and everything below the heart (IVC)

Question 40

which ventricle wall is thicker and why

Answer 40

left ventricle wall is thicker | it pumps blood to the rest of the body

Question 41

functions of pulmonary trunk

Answer 41

- go into the RV - divides into right and left pulmonary arteries - carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 42

functions of aorta

Answer 42

- go into LV | - pumps oxygenated blood around body via 3 branches

Question 43

the three branches that arise form aortic arch (continuation of ascending aorta)

Answer 43

1. brachiocephalic (branches into right subclavian and right common carotid) 2. left common carotid 3. left subclavian

Question 44

functions of pulmonary veins

Answer 44

- go into LA | - carry oxygen-rich blood from lungs to LA

Question 45

what are arteries

Answer 45

every vessel that leaves the heart

Question 46

what are veins

Answer 46

every vessel that enters the heart

Question 47

which two chambers does the tricuspid valve separate

Answer 47

the RA and the RV

Question 48

what is the systemic circulation consisted of and pressure

Answer 48

heart-body-heart | high pressure 80/120

Question 49

what is the pulmonary circulation consisted of and pressure

Answer 49

heart-lungs-heart | low pressure 20/25

Question 50

what is the coronary circulation and why is it needed

Answer 50

network of vessels around the heart to oxygenate it | heart need to be oxygenated too

Question 51

what do the right coronary arteries supply

Answer 51

``` RA most of the RV part of the LV (diaphragmatic surface) part of the inter ventricular septum sinoatrial node (SA node) atrioventricular node (AV node) ```

Question 52

what do nodes do

Answer 52

set the heart rate - pacemaker

Question 53

what happened if the SA node doesn't work

Answer 53

AV is the backup node