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human form and function > digestive tract 2 duodenum to anus > Flashcards

digestive tract 2 duodenum to anus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the peritoneum

A

continuous sheet of serous membrane

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2
Q

what does the serous membrane secrete

A

serum and forms the mucous membrane

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3
Q

what does the parietal peritoneum line

A

lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities- it wraps around them

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4
Q

what does the visceral peritoneum cover

A

covers most abdominal organs

it folds in on itself

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5
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity

A

potential space between two peritoneum

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6
Q

what is introperitoneal

A

sit in peritoneal

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7
Q

what is retroperitoneal

A

behind peritoneal

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8
Q

what are mesenteries

A

the peritoneal folds

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9
Q

what are the functions of mesenteries

A
  • connect organs to each other

- connect organs to the abdominal wall to stop organs from moving around and colliding into each other

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10
Q

what is the omentum

A

it covers all organs in the abdominal cavity

it is the largest piece of peritoneal

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11
Q

what is mesentery proper

A

mesentrial sheet that has a lot of blood vessels

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12
Q

what occurs in the small intestine

A

90% of nutrient absorption occurs here

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13
Q

subdivisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum (30cm)
jejunum (2.5m)
ileum (3.5m)

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14
Q

what is the duodenum

A

c shaped structure adjacent to head of pancreas
extends from pyloric sphincter to jejenum
has an alkaline environment of pH9

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15
Q

characteristics of the superior part of the duodenum

A

short, only section of duodenum peritonised (within the peritoneal lining)

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16
Q

characteristics of the descending part of the duodenum

A

it has major and minor duodenal papillae

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17
Q

what is the jejenum

A
  • extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ileum
  • it is completely peritonised
  • has villi
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18
Q

what is the ileum

A
  • extends from the jejunum to the large intestine to the ileocecal junction
  • completely peritonised
  • no villi
  • smaller in diameter
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19
Q

what are plicae circularis

A

circular folds formed by mucosa and submucosa
unlike rugae, these are permanent
have projections - villi
these plicae villi is less prominent distally in the small intestine

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20
Q

how does the intestinal walls change

A

diameter and thickness of intestinal walls decrease

21
Q

where is most of the mucus

A

in the submucosa of the duodenum - secreting duodenal (Brunner) glands that help maintain alkaline environment

22
Q

where are most of the lymphoid follicles

A

in the submucosa of ileum -Peyer patches

23
Q

lining of villi

A

covered with simple columnar epithelium (4 types):

  1. absorptive: digestive enzymes
  2. goblet: mucus secretion
  3. granular or paneth: lyzozyme
  4. endocrine: hormones
24
Q

intestinal glands

A

where the 4 different types of villa are produced

located at the bottom of villi

25
Q

locations of types of cells in villi

A

absorptive and goblet migrate to cover the surface of the villi
granular and endocrine remain in the bottom

26
Q

what is the lacteal

A

is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

27
Q

what is the function of the lymphs

A

drainage of water

28
Q

functions of the large intestine

A
  • re-absoprtion of water
  • compact intestinal contents into faeces
  • absorption of vitamins
  • storage of faecal material
29
Q

length of large intestinal

A

extends from ileocecal junction to anus

30
Q

what is the illeocecal sphincter

A

opening between ileum and large intestine

guarded by fold of mucous membrane

31
Q

how is the mucosa in the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium

has no villi or plicae circularae

32
Q

what are crypts

A

straight tubular glands formed by the mucosal lining

33
Q

types of cells in crypts

A

absorptive, granular and goblet (predominant)

34
Q

muscle layers of large intestine

A

longitudinal and circular layers

35
Q

what are taeniae (teniae) coli

A

3 bands formed by the longitudinal layer of large intestine

36
Q

what are the haustra

A

gathering of colon into pouches formed by the contractions of taeniae coli
permits expansion and elongation of intestine

37
Q

serosa

A

contains fat-filled pouches

38
Q

epiploic appendages (mental appendages)

A

fat-filled pouches within the serosa

attaches to peritoneum

39
Q

what is peristalsis

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food to different processing stations in the digestive tract
begins in the oesophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed

40
Q

what is the rectum

A

terminal part of the large intestine

folds inside

41
Q

what are rectal valves

A

transverse rectal folds in rectum

42
Q

how is the rectal mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands housing large numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells

43
Q

what is the muscularis

A

thick muscular tunic in rectum

44
Q

what is the anal canal

A

final part of rectum

45
Q

mucosa in anal canal

A

superior part simple columnar

inferior part stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

what are anal columns

A

epithelium arranged in longitudinal folds (arteries and veins)
anal sinuses between columns exude mucus

47
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter

A

formed by the thickening of the layer muscularis

movement is involuntary

48
Q

what is the anal sphincter

A

formed by skeletal muscle

voluntary movement

49
Q

major sphincters of the GI tract

A

formed by thickening of inner circular muscle layer (muscularis)

  • upper and lower oesophageal sphincters
  • pyloric sphincters
  • ileocaecal valve
  • internal and external anal sphincter

human form and function (11 decks)

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