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human form and function > Landmarks of the brain > Flashcards

Landmarks of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

circulatory anastomosis that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and surrounding structures

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2
Q

where is the circle of willis

A

inferior part of the brain

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3
Q

the divisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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4
Q

what forms the forebrain

A
  • telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres (cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system)
  • diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
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5
Q

what forms the hindbrain

A
  • pons (cerebellum)

- medulla

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6
Q

what is the central sulcus

A

a fissure that divides the frontal and parietal lobes

- it is located under the parietal

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7
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A 
bundle of nerve fibres which connects the right and left brain hemispheres
made up of white matter
composed of 
-genu
-rostrum
-trunk (body)
-splenium
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8
Q

what are the gyrus

A

folds in the brain separated by sulci

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9
Q

how many layers and distinct areas does the cortex have

A

6 layers and 52 distinct regions (Brodmann areas)

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10
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

primary motor cortex located in the pre central gyrus anterior to central sulcus

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11
Q

what does the cerebrum control

A

it controls voluntary movement - mainly of hands and face

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12
Q

how does the cerebrum control movement of the body

A

by working in conjunction with motor planning areas of the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

function of the motor cortex

A

voluntary movements

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14
Q

function of the premotor area

A

control of trunk, anticipatory postural adjustments

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15
Q

function of the supplementary motor area

A

initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual sequential movements

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16
Q

function of Broca’s area

A

motor control of speech (usually left cerebrum)

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17
Q

function of area analagous to Broca’s area on opposite side

A

planning non-verbal communication

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18
Q

what is the consequence of damage to motor planning areas

A

apraxia - unable to perform movements or sequence of movements despite intact muscles
broca’s aphasia - impaired speaking and writing

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19
Q

how does visual information travel to the primary visual cortex

A

from retina via thalamus

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20
Q

what does the primary visual cortex discriminate

A

shape, size, location and texture of objects

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21
Q

what information does the secondary visual cortex analyse

A

colour and motion

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22
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

X-shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves in the brain.
Nerve fibres from half of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

23
Q

function of broca’s area

A

controls movement involved in speech (face and tongue of adjacent motor cortex)

24
Q

what do lesions in the broca’s area involve

A

difficulty with verbal expression - speech is slow laboured and telegraphic in style

25
Q

where is wernicke’s area

A

superior temporal gyrus on left hemisphere

26
Q

what is the function of wernicke’s area

A

understanding of spoken words

27
Q

what do lesions in wernicke’s area involve

A

receptive aphasia (difficulty in understanding speech of others) and lose ability to monitor their conversation

28
Q

links of cerebrum (prefrontal cortex) with other areas

A

prefrontal cortex has links with all parts of neocortex (except primary motor & sensory) and with contralateral side via corpus callosum

29
Q

what is the cerebrum involved in

A

highest brain functions (executive function)

  • abstract thought, planning
  • decision making
  • anticipating outcomes, judgement
  • social behaviour
30
Q

what are the schizophrenia negative symptoms associated to

A

hypofrontality

31
Q

how does the corpus callosum differs in normal people from autistic people

A

changes in size of corpus callosum in autistic people

32
Q

what do lesions of vermis (tumours in children medulloblastoma) consist in

A

inability to stand upright, nystagmus, impaired eye scanning

33
Q

characteristics of disease of anterior lobe

A

associated with chronic alcoholism

staggering drunken gait when sober

34
Q

characteristics of disease of the neocerebellar cortex superior cerebellar peduncle

A

incoordination of voluntary movements (particularly of upper limb)
action tremor

35
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

important subcortical system which regulates voluntary movement

36
Q

composition of basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
pallidum (internal and external globus pallidus)
sub thalamic nucleus

37
Q

what do the neurons linking the substantia nigra and the striatum (nigrostriatal pathway) use

A

dopamine

during motor activity

38
Q

symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons

39
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

emotions (fear, anxiety, aggression, pleasure), memory, appetite, sleep

40
Q

composition of limbic system

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • fornix
  • thalamus
  • stria terminalis
  • septal nuclei (social behaviour)
  • amygdala (fear and anxiety)
  • hippocampus (memory, mood)
  • hypothalamus (stress, sleep, appetite)
41
Q

what is the hippocampus involved in

A

learning and memory

also modulates mood and response to stress

42
Q

what does the limbic do

A

converts short-term memory to long-term memory

43
Q

what do lesions in the hippocampus result in

A

memory impairments

44
Q

where is the amygdala located

A

in temporal lobe anterior to the hippocampus

45
Q

function of the amygdala

A

mediates feelings of fear, anxiety and social learning (interprets facial expression, body language, social signals)

46
Q

what do lesions in the amygdala result in

A

fearless behaviour, increased risk-taking and poor social judgement

47
Q

what is associated with heightened activation of amygdala

A

PTSD and other anxiety disorders

48
Q

how is the amygdala in schizophrenic patients

A

smaller

49
Q

how is the amygdala in autistic children

A

larger than normal –> social impairments

50
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

anterior/inferior to thalamus, floor of 3rd ventricle

51
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

regulates appetite, body temperature, reproductive functions, neuroendocrine stress response, emotionality

52
Q

the reward pathway

A

neuron projection from ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens )

53
Q

why is it necessary the activation of the reward pathway

A

to experience pleasure

54
Q

what is addiction

A

loss of behavioural control over drug-taking

stimulates reward pathway

human form and function (11 decks)

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