Introduction to lower limbs Flashcards
functions of lower limbs
supporting and locomotor functions
ankylosing spondylitis
weight transmission ossuary through the sacrum
femur
directed downward and medially
articulates with tibia and patella (sesamoid bone)
sesamoid bone location
sits in tendon of quadricep muscle
weight transmission
through sacrum
through tibia
characteristics of tarsal and metatarsal bones
stable and flexible
classification of lower limb
- gluteal region
- thigh
- knee
- leg
- ankle/talocrural region
- foot
superior boundary of gluteal region
- iliac crest
- greater trochanter
- anterior superior iliac spine (asis)
inferior boundary of gluteal region
gluteal fold
what separates both gluteal boundaries
intergluteal fold
function of bones in hip
form protective bony walls of pelvic cavity and part of birth canal
appendicular bones of the hip
3 separate bones:
- ilium (acetabulum - socket; ASIS papable)
- ischium
- pubis (pubic symphysis) - have cartilage to allow movement
axial bones of hip
sacrum: 4 bones
coccyx: 3-5 bones, variable
how are the hip bones joined together
by hyaline cartilage
when are the hip bones completely mature
by approx 35 yrs
sex differences of hip/pelvis bones
in females:
- bones are thinner
- muscular markings not as prominent
- less funnel shaped (to carry baby) - more rounded
- distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities greater
- wider greater sciatic notch
- sub-pubic angle approx 90º
- women more prone to osteoporosis
where is the thigh
lies between the gluteal, abdominal and perineal regions
boundaries between abdomen and thigh
anteriorly: inguinal ligament
medially: hip bone
anterior thigh muscles
quadriceps
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
- rectus femoris
what muscles are involved in knee extension
vastus muscles
what does the rectus femurs flex
it also flexes hip
posterior thigh muscles
hamstrings - antagonist of quadriceps
thigh bone
femur
how many joints do the hamstrings act on
2 joints
how long is the hamstring
entire length of femur
origin of hamstrings
ischial tuberosity (apart from short head of biceps femoris)
movements in which hamstrings are involved
flexion of knee
extension of hip
walking, running, jumping
femur characteristics
single thigh bone longest and heaviest bone of the body length: 1/4 of person's height angle of inclination: 125º - decreases from birth - smaller in females can put 20% of body weight on it
what happens to the hip joint when suffering from arthritis
the ball-socket joint is not smooth and they are really close together
there is inflammation
where does the thigh articulate with the leg
at knee joint (unstable joint)
what comprises the knee
the femur, tibia and patella
where is the femur expanded
at the articular condyles (epicondyles)
expansion as person grows
what separates the knee and the femur
the intercondylar fossa
which part of the knee articulates with the patella
the anterior united surface articulates with the patella
which type of joint is the knee joint
primarily a hinge type synovial joint
largest most superficial joint
movements allowed by the knee joint
flexion and extension
what ligaments are there around the knee
intra and extra capsular ligaments
why is the anterior cruciate easily damaged
it has less blood supply
what avoids the bones in the knee from rubbing against each other
the menisci
to where is the medial meniscus joined to
the medial collateral ligament - likely to be damaged
why is the lateral meniscus more flexible
it is not joined to the lateral collateral ligament - it is likely to be damaged
what 3 things go wrong in the unhappy triad
damaged anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
what forms the leg
the tibia and fibula
how can the tibia be felt
subcutaneously
does the fibula have weight bearing functions
no
movements allowed by the fascial compartments of the leg
anterior: dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion
lateral: foot evertors and plantar flexion
posterior: superficial- plantar flexion; deep- flexion of toes
foot functions
- provides a platform for supporting the weight of the body
2. important role in locomotion
what forms the foot
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges
regions of the foot
plantar region
dorsal region
heel region
ball of foot
