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human form and function > Introduction to lower limbs > Flashcards

Introduction to lower limbs Flashcards

1
Q

functions of lower limbs

A

supporting and locomotor functions

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2
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

weight transmission ossuary through the sacrum

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3
Q

femur

A

directed downward and medially

articulates with tibia and patella (sesamoid bone)

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4
Q

sesamoid bone location

A

sits in tendon of quadricep muscle

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5
Q

weight transmission

A

through sacrum

through tibia

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6
Q

characteristics of tarsal and metatarsal bones

A

stable and flexible

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7
Q

classification of lower limb

A
  1. gluteal region
  2. thigh
  3. knee
  4. leg
  5. ankle/talocrural region
  6. foot
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8
Q

superior boundary of gluteal region

A
  • iliac crest
  • greater trochanter
  • anterior superior iliac spine (asis)
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9
Q

inferior boundary of gluteal region

A

gluteal fold

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10
Q

what separates both gluteal boundaries

A

intergluteal fold

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11
Q

function of bones in hip

A

form protective bony walls of pelvic cavity and part of birth canal

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12
Q

appendicular bones of the hip

A

3 separate bones:

  1. ilium (acetabulum - socket; ASIS papable)
  2. ischium
  3. pubis (pubic symphysis) - have cartilage to allow movement
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13
Q

axial bones of hip

A

sacrum: 4 bones
coccyx: 3-5 bones, variable

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14
Q

how are the hip bones joined together

A

by hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

when are the hip bones completely mature

A

by approx 35 yrs

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16
Q

sex differences of hip/pelvis bones

A

in females:

  • bones are thinner
  • muscular markings not as prominent
  • less funnel shaped (to carry baby) - more rounded
  • distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities greater
  • wider greater sciatic notch
  • sub-pubic angle approx 90º
  • women more prone to osteoporosis
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17
Q

where is the thigh

A

lies between the gluteal, abdominal and perineal regions

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18
Q

boundaries between abdomen and thigh

A

anteriorly: inguinal ligament
medially: hip bone

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19
Q

anterior thigh muscles

A

quadriceps

  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus intermedius
  • vastus medialis
  • rectus femoris
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20
Q

what muscles are involved in knee extension

A

vastus muscles

21
Q

what does the rectus femurs flex

A

it also flexes hip

22
Q

posterior thigh muscles

A

hamstrings - antagonist of quadriceps

23
Q

thigh bone

A

femur

24
Q

how many joints do the hamstrings act on

A

2 joints

25
Q

how long is the hamstring

A

entire length of femur

26
Q

origin of hamstrings

A

ischial tuberosity (apart from short head of biceps femoris)

27
Q

movements in which hamstrings are involved

A

flexion of knee
extension of hip
walking, running, jumping

28
Q

femur characteristics

A 
single thigh bone
longest and heaviest bone of the body
length: 1/4 of person's height
angle of inclination: 125º
- decreases from birth
- smaller in females
can put 20% of body weight on it
29
Q

what happens to the hip joint when suffering from arthritis

A

the ball-socket joint is not smooth and they are really close together
there is inflammation

30
Q

where does the thigh articulate with the leg

A

at knee joint (unstable joint)

31
Q

what comprises the knee

A

the femur, tibia and patella

32
Q

where is the femur expanded

A

at the articular condyles (epicondyles)

expansion as person grows

33
Q

what separates the knee and the femur

A

the intercondylar fossa

34
Q

which part of the knee articulates with the patella

A

the anterior united surface articulates with the patella

35
Q

which type of joint is the knee joint

A

primarily a hinge type synovial joint

largest most superficial joint

36
Q

movements allowed by the knee joint

A

flexion and extension

37
Q

what ligaments are there around the knee

A

intra and extra capsular ligaments

38
Q

why is the anterior cruciate easily damaged

A

it has less blood supply

39
Q

what avoids the bones in the knee from rubbing against each other

A

the menisci

40
Q

to where is the medial meniscus joined to

A

the medial collateral ligament - likely to be damaged

41
Q

why is the lateral meniscus more flexible

A

it is not joined to the lateral collateral ligament - it is likely to be damaged

42
Q

what 3 things go wrong in the unhappy triad

A

damaged anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus

43
Q

what forms the leg

A

the tibia and fibula

44
Q

how can the tibia be felt

A

subcutaneously

45
Q

does the fibula have weight bearing functions

A

no

46
Q

movements allowed by the fascial compartments of the leg

A

anterior: dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion
lateral: foot evertors and plantar flexion
posterior: superficial- plantar flexion; deep- flexion of toes

47
Q

foot functions

A
  1. provides a platform for supporting the weight of the body

2. important role in locomotion

48
Q

what forms the foot

A

7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsal bones
14 phalanges

49
Q

regions of the foot

A

plantar region
dorsal region
heel region
ball of foot

human form and function (11 decks)

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