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human form and function > accessory digestive glands > Flashcards

accessory digestive glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are salivary glands

A

exocrine glands (glands with ducts) that secrete substances that are transported to somewhere else

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2
Q

what is the liver

A

large lobbed organ involved in many metabolic processes

completely peritonised

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3
Q

what is the gallbladder

A
  • small organ beneath the liver
  • stores bile - breaks down fat
  • attached to inferior surface of liver via cystic duct
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4
Q

what is the pancreas

A
  • retroperitoneal gland
  • lies behind the stomach: transversely and posterior to greater curvature of stomach
  • blood sugar regulation
  • divisions: head, body, tail
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5
Q

major salivary glands

A
  • parotid glands
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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6
Q

minor salivary glands

A
  • lingual glands (tongue)
  • palatine glands (palate)
  • buccal (cheeks)
  • labial (lips)
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7
Q

which gland secrete most of the saliva

A

submandibular

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8
Q

what is the parotid gland

A

largest of the 3 pairs
irregular in shape
has one duct
formed mainly of serous cells

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9
Q

position of parotid glands

A

anterior to ear

extends to lower border of mandible and up to zygomatic arch

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10
Q

what does the parotid gland cover/cross

A

posteriorly it covers the anterior part of sternocleiodmastoid muscle
anteriorly portion halfway across masseter muscle
duct crosses masseter and pierces buccinator

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11
Q

where does the parotid gland duct enter the oral cavity

A

in cheek near upper second molar

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12
Q

what is the submandibular gland

A

half size of parotid
secretes most of the saliva
has one duct
formed of mixture of serous and mucous cells

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13
Q

position of submandibular gland

A

lump along inferior border of posterior part of mandible

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14
Q

how does submandibular enter the oral cavity

A

duct exits gland and passes to mucous membrane on floor of oral cavity
opens in oral cavity at the side of the lingual frenulum of tongue

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15
Q

sublingual gland

A

smallest of the three
almond-shaped
doesn’t have awell-defined duct - there is several ducts (around 10-12)
formed of mainly mucous cells

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16
Q

position of sublingual gland

A

under the tongue below mucous membrane in floor of oral cavity

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17
Q

how does sublingual enter the oral cavity

A

gland opens into floor of oral cavity through the small ducts (all enter roughly the same area)

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18
Q

types of saliva

A

viscous and watery

19
Q

all glands are a compound of

A

acing/alveoli glands

20
Q

types of cell type of acinar glands

A
  • serous cells that produce watery saliva

- mucous cells that produce viscous saliva

21
Q

ligaments of anterior surface of liver

A

falciform ligament

round ligament

22
Q

lobes in the liver

A

left (small)
right (largest)
caudate
quadrate

23
Q

division between lobes in the liver

A
  • inferior vena cava (IVC): right and caudate lobes

- quadrate lobe: left lobe and gallbladder

24
Q

how is the liver supplied with oxygenated blood

A

hepatic artery and portal vein

25
Q

function of common hepatic duct

A

exit of bile out of liver

26
Q

what are the liver lobules

A

divisions in lobes
hexagonal with plates of hepatocytes
plates radiate outward from central vein

27
Q

what is a portal triad

A

at each of the 6 corners of lobule

  1. branch of hepatic artery
  2. branch of portal vein
  3. branch of hepatic bile duct
28
Q

where are the liver sinusoids

A

between plates

29
Q

where are the kupffer cells

A

in the sinusoid walls

30
Q

where is mixed blood emptied

A

into central vein which merge to form hepatic veins which join the IVC

31
Q

what is the bile

A
  • produced in liver and collected in canaliculi
  • transported to bile duct that branches at triad
  • flows in right and left hepatic ducts (common hepatic duct) which leaves the liver at the porta hepatis and heads toward the duodenum
32
Q

blood supply to liver

A

two ways:
25% from hepatic artery (directly from the heart)
72% from portal vein (it receives secondary blood, blood that has already been through over organs)
- these two loops are in constant interaction and alteration of flow to one will inversely affect the other
- by the time the blood gets to the liver, the blood pressure is very low
- liver is vulnerable to drops in blood pressure

33
Q

how is the GI tract blood-supplied

A
  • coeliac trunk supplies foregut
  • superior mesenteric supplies midgut
  • inferior mesenteric supplies hindgut
34
Q

hepatic artery

A

arises directly from coeliac trunk
gives off two branches
then continues as hepatic artery proper - supplies liver with direct oxygenated blood supply (30%)

35
Q

metabolic functions of liver

A 
carbohydrates:
glycogen to glucose and vice versa
amino acids and lactic acid to glucose
lipids:
stores trigycerides and synthesises lipoproteins
proteins: protein metabolism
36
Q

other functions of liver

A

detoxification, excretion of billirubin (sweeps dead red blood cells)
storage of glycogen, vitamins and minerals
synthesis of bile salts used for the emulsification and absorption of fats and cholesterol
phagocytosis - kupffer’s cells

37
Q

muscle layers of gallbladder

A
  • inner mucosa (rugae)
  • muscularis (smooth muscle)
  • serosa
38
Q

function of gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

39
Q

endocrine functions of pancreas

A

1%
ductless
islets of Langerhans cells secrete hormones (insulin and glucagen) into blood vessels (directly into blood stream)

40
Q

exocrine functions of pancreas

A

99%
ducts
acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct
these cells are similar to the saliva cells

41
Q

which two ducts are formed by the uniting of smaller ducts where pancreatic secretion go into

A
  1. main pancreatic: joins common bile duct (at hepatopancreatic ampulla)
  2. accessory: empties directly into duodenum
  • they both enter duodenum at major duodenal papilla
42
Q

what forms the common hepatic duct

A

right and left hepatic ducts unite to form it

43
Q

how is the common bile duct formed

A

joining of common hepatic duct and cystic duct (gallbladder)

44
Q

what is the duodenal papilla

A

where common bile duct and main pancreatic enter the descending duodenum

human form and function (11 decks)

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