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human form and function > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint

A

physical connection between 2 bones

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2
Q

functions of a joint

A 
allow movement (articulation) 
provide mechanical support (stability)
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3
Q

what does the functional joint classification refer to

A

relates to the degree of movement they permit

- synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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4
Q

what is synarthrosis

A

an immovable joint

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5
Q

what is amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly movable joint

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6
Q

what is a diarthrosis

A

a freely movable joint
they have a variety of shapes
permit different types of movement
all are synovial joints

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7
Q

what is the structural joint classification based on

A
  1. the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones
  2. type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
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8
Q

what is the synovial cavity

A

space between the articulating bones

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9
Q

types of joints based on the structural classification

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints

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10
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A
  • joint with no synovial joint
  • bones are held very closely by fibrous tissue (dense irregular connective tissue) - rich in collagen fibres
  • show little to no movement and relatively stable
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11
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, gomphosis and syndesmosis

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12
Q

what is a suture

A

a fibrous joint composed of a continuous thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue (periosteum) - serrated interlocking edges

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13
Q

where do sutures occur

A

in bones of the skull

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14
Q

classification of suture

A

functional: synarthrosis (immovable)
structural: fibrous

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15
Q

what is a gomphosis

A

a peg in socket joint

e.g. roots of teeth in mandible/maxillary bone - supported by fibrous ligaments (periodontal)

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16
Q

classification of gomphosis

A

functional: synarthrosis (motion is limited)
structural: fibrous

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17
Q

what is a syndesmosis

A

fibrous tissue bond between long bones which have an interosseous membrane between (ligament)
- forces can pass between these bones

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18
Q

classification of syndesmosis

A

functional: amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
structural: fibrous

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19
Q

types of cartilage

A

elastic, fibrocartilage and hyaline

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20
Q

what is elastic cartilage

A

formed by elastic fibres, collagen and proteoglycans
it is rigid but had elastic properties
e.g. external ear

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21
Q

what is fibrocartilage and what are its function

A

it has more collagen than proteoglycans
strongest type of cartilage
it has thicker bundles of collagen fibres
slightly compressible
deals with pressure points (e.g. intervertebral discs)

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22
Q

what is hyaline and what are its functions

A

cartilage formed by equal amount of collagen and proteoglycans
the collagen fibres are evenly dispersed, are smooth and translucent
provide strong support but are flexible
covers the surface of bones to reduce friction and shock

23
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A
  • joint with no synovial cavity
  • bones are held by cartilage - either hyaline or fibrocartilage
  • show little or no movement to slight movement
24
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses and symphysis

25
Q

what is a synchondroses

A

cartilaginous joint where bones are held together by hyaline cartilage

26
Q

where are the synchondroses found

A

found in children and young adults at growing end of long bones
- they are temporary and replaced by bone in adulthood

27
Q

what do synchondroses allow

A

allows bone growth but not movement

28
Q

classification of synchondroses

A

functional: synarthrosis
structural: cartilaginous

29
Q

what is a symphysis

A

type of cartilaginous joint located in midline

includes the intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis

30
Q

bones in symphysis

A

the ends of the articulating bones are covered in hyaline

between bones there is a piece of fibrocartilage

31
Q

classification of symphysis

A

functional: amphiarthrosis
structural: cartilaginous

32
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

joint where the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity
they are all diarthroses

33
Q

what is the synovium

A

sheet of fibrous tissue that secretes synovial fluid

34
Q

what is the synovial fluid

A

hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma

35
Q

what is the function of the synovial fluid

A

it forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule
reduces friction by lubricating the joint
absorbs shock

36
Q

what is a bursa

A

a small fluid-filled sac or cavity situated in places in tissues where friction would otherwise occur

37
Q

what are articular discs and menisci

A
  • fibrocartilage pads which lie between the articular surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule
  • the discs bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane and usually subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces, allowing separate movements to occur in each space
38
Q

which are the movements at the synovial joints

A
  • uniaxial - occurring around 1 axis
  • biaxial - occurring around 2 axes at right angles
  • multiaxial - occurring around several axes
39
Q

types of synovial joints

A

plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, and ball and socket joints

40
Q

what is a plane joint

A

permits sliding/gliding movements
has relatively narrow limits of movement (uniaxial)
e.g. acromioclavicular joint (scapula and clavicle)

41
Q

what is a saddle joint

A 
synovial joint where the articular surfaces:
- have both concave and convex areas
- fit together (concave to convex)
it allows movement on 2 axes (biaxial)
e.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
42
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

joint capable of movement in 1 axis only (uniaxial)
the shape of the articular surfaces support and limit the movements
strong ligaments add support
e.g. shoulder and ankle

43
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

the joint where a rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring
movement in 2 axes (biaxial) or multiple axes (multiaxial)
e.g. metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckles)

44
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A

joint where the “ball” is a rounded articular and the “socket” is a concave articular surface
allows movement in almost any direction (mulitaxial)
relatively unstable - dislocation risk
e.g. shoulder and hip

45
Q

limitations of the synovial joints

A
  1. shape and extent of articular surfaces
  2. tensions of joint capsule
  3. tensions of ligaments surrounding joint
  4. muscles crossing and acting upon a joint
  5. bony parts of joints colliding
46
Q

what is a ligament

A

connection between bones
it is tough, flexible
made of fibrous connective tissue

47
Q

what is a tendon

A

connects a muscle to a bone

flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue

48
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

a degenerative joint disease where articular cartilage and subchondral bone degenerates and the water content of cartilage decreases (reduced proteoglycans)
commonly affects hands, feet, spine and large weight-wearing joints

49
Q

what are osteophytes

A

spurs - hard or bony swellings - formed on the joint margins

50
Q

what are Heberden’s nodes

A

hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints

51
Q

what are Bouchard’s nodes

A

hard or bony swellings that develop in the proximal interphalangeal

52
Q

what is Rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • chronic inflammatory type of arthritis which consists on the destruction of articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joint
  • commonly in hands, feet and cervical spine
  • can affect other tissues and organs (lungs - fibrosis; eyes - episcleritis)
53
Q

what is ankylosis

A

when the bone locks into the least painful position

54
Q

what are subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules

A

firm lumps that appear subcutaneously (ie under the skin) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

human form and function (11 decks)

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