vascular plant transport

Question 1

___ encourage water to move

Answer 1

forces

Question 2

forces can include

Answer 2

• Differences in solute concentration (tonicity)
• Differences in physical pressure
• Gravity

Question 3

water potential

Answer 3

energy for moving water

Question 4

bigger differences in water potential value =

Answer 4

more energy available to move water

Question 5

water potential can have difference sources of energy differences such as

Answer 5

Tonicity, pressure, or gravity

Question 6

water potential can have difference sources of different locations of energy differences such as

Answer 6

• Soil, roots, stem, leaf, atmosphere

Question 7

water moves from

Answer 7

higher energy to lower energy

Question 8

water is required in… for…

Answer 8

leaves for photosynthesis

Question 9

water is available in …

Answer 9

roots (absorbed form soil)

Question 10

transpiration

Answer 10

water evaporation from leaves

Question 11

transpiration involves water moving through plant from

Answer 11

soil to atmosphere

Question 12

water energy:

Answer 12

soil > root > stem > leaf > atmosphere

Question 13

water flow

Answer 13

soil –> root –> stem –> leaf –> atmosphere

Always moves DOWN gradient

Question 14

water flows through

Answer 14

xylem: tubes that conduct water

Question 15

roots have higher… than…

Answer 15

solute concentration than soil

Question 16

there is lower water energy in roots than soil, so…

Answer 16

water wants to go into the roots (water flows down energy gradient into roots)

Question 17

root pressure

Answer 17

water entering pushes previous water upward

Question 18

atmosphere has low water content and energy… which does what?

Answer 18

atmosphere provides energy for transpiration where water exits leaves via evaporation

Question 19

stem cohesion

Answer 19

water molecules attract each other

Question 20

stem adhesion

Answer 20

water molecules are attracted to surfaces

Question 21

water lost via… pulls…

Answer 21

water lost via transportation pulls water UP stem via cohesion

Question 22

adhesion to…. helps…

Answer 22

adhesion to xylem walls helps hold water against gravity making an unbroken chain of water from leaf to root

Question 23

when a stem is injured…

Answer 23

the chain of water may be broken

Question 24

embolism

Answer 24

air bubbles that form in xylem due to broken chain of water

Question 25

plants wilt because

Answer 25

because water is lost from the leaves but cannot be replaced with water from the roots

Question 26

why is it a problem if ice forms in plants?

Answer 26

* Ice in xylem forms embolisms * Ice outside cells pulls water out of the cells * Ice crystals can form in the cell and puncture the cell membrane

Question 27

___ drives most water flow

Answer 27

transpiration

Question 28

roots contribute a little flow with

Answer 28

root pressure

Question 29

___ in roots provide energy

Answer 29

solutes

Question 30

leaf mesophyll cells use energy to ..

Answer 30

absorb water for photosynthesis

Question 31

most water must transpire to provide...

Answer 31

energy to pull more water up

Question 32

managing transcription: transpiration rate

Answer 32

level of transpiration isn't constant

Question 33

managing transcription atmospheric conditions change

Answer 33

 Warmer atmosphere conditions provides more energy  Drier atmosphere provides more energy

Question 34

leaves control transpiration rate via

Answer 34

stomata

Question 35

stomata is usually located on bottom of leaf

Answer 35

* Avoid energy added by sunlight * Reduces transpiration rate

Question 36

guard cells can open or close stomata:

Answer 36

* Cells fill with water to open * More k+ ions in cells pulls water in

Question 37

why does stomata open during day:

Answer 37

* Water is needed for photosynthesis * CO2 needs to flow in through stomata

Question 38

why does stomata close at night?

Answer 38

* No photosynthesis * Conserves water in the soil

Question 39

stomata opens if ___ is low in leaf

Answer 39

CO2 (needed for photosynthesis)

Question 40

stomata close if _____ is present

Answer 40

abscisic acid

Question 41

abscisic acid is released by...

Answer 41

roots and leaves that don't have enough water shuts down transpiration to conserve water

Question 42

epiphytes

Answer 42

waxy leaves that reduce transpiration

Question 43

floating water plants continually transpire :

Answer 43

* stomata on top of leaves * stomata cannot be closed (they are permanently open)

Question 44

translocation

Answer 44

movement of sugar rich sap

Question 45

sugary sap flows through

Answer 45

phloem

Question 46

sugar flows from

Answer 46

sugar sources to sugar sinks

Question 47

sugar source

Answer 47

creates sugar via photosynthesis * releases stored sugar via starch breakdown

Question 48

sugar sink

Answer 48

consumes sugar for energy or growth * stores sugar

Question 49

sieve tube elects make up

Answer 49

phloem tubes

Question 50

sieve tube elements carry

Answer 50

phloem sap (up to 30% sugar)

Question 51

companion cells

Answer 51

* assist sieve tube cells * actively transport sugar into sap

Question 52

phloem sap flow is driven by

Answer 52

PHYSICAL pressure

Question 53

sugar is loaded into phloem at

Answer 53

source

Question 54

water follows sugar via

Answer 54

osmosis

Question 55

water flow increases

Answer 55

physical pressure

Question 56

__ removes sugar

Answer 56

sink