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Biol 143 > diversity: prokaryotes and protists > Flashcards

diversity: prokaryotes and protists Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes are ____cellular, ____ than eukaryotes, and _______ organelles.

A

unicellular, smaller, do not have

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2
Q

do prokaryotes have cell walls?

A

yes they form cell walls used for structure and defense

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3
Q

what are prokaryote cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan (sugar polymer) glued together by peptide chains

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4
Q

gram positive prokaryotes have __ cell walls

A

thick (many layers)

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5
Q

gram negative prokaryotes have __ cell walls

A

thin

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6
Q

gram negative prokaryotes

A

-more complex since they have a second membrane outside the wall

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7
Q

many prokaryotes are surrounded by a _________…

A

sticky layer: made of sugar chains or proteins

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8
Q

capsule

A

well organized sticky layer that forms a dense, protective layer

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9
Q

slime layer

A

less organized sticky layer

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10
Q

endospores form when

A

environment is harsh

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11
Q

what do endospores consist of?

A

chromosomes packed into dry structure

all metabolisms stops

can rehydrate when environment improves

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12
Q

how can prokaryotes move?

A

fimbriae, pili, or flagella

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13
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages that grab surfaces or other cells

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14
Q

pili

A

longer projections used to pull cells together to exchange DNA during conjugation (kind of like reproduction)

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15
Q

flagella

A

spinning structures used for swimming

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16
Q

DNA in prokaryotes is located where?

A

nucleoid (not nucleus): region of cytoplasm containing DNA

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17
Q

DNA is prokaryotes: chromosomes

A

single circular chromosomes

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18
Q

plasmid

A

seller pieces of DNA with additional genes

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19
Q

prokaryote reproduction

A

they reproduce asexually via binary fission which is where one divides into 2 clones

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20
Q

how often can binary fission occur?

A

most can divide every 1-2 hours: in 1 day, 15 million can be made starting from 1 cell

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21
Q

rapid reproduction leads to

A

rapid mutations: a mutation with a 1 in 10 million chance would still happen in less than a day

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22
Q

genetic recombination in prokaryotes

A

transformation, transduction, or conjugation

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23
Q

transformation

A

-take DNA from environment
-search environment for DNA from related species and can swap absorbed alleles with their own

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24
Q

transduction

A

viruses carry genes between prokaryotes
-virus picks up prokaryote DNA by mistake

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25
Q

conjugation

A

prokaryotes attach to each other and transfer DNA
-long pilus used to attach cells
-DNA transfer is one way
-requires F factor genes (instructions for process)

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26
Q

phototrophs

A

capture energy from light

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27
Q

chemotrophs

A

capture energy from chemical bonds

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28
Q

autotrophs

A

capture inorganic carbon and turn it into carbon molecules

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29
Q

example of how plants are autotrophs

A

they used Calvin cycle to take CO2 into useable materials

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30
Q

heterotrophs

A

required carbon compounds produced by autotrophs

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31
Q

photoautotroph:
-energy source?
-carbon source?

A

-light
-CO2 or bicarbonate

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32
Q

chemoautotroph
-energy source?
-carbon source?

A

-chemical bonds
-CO2 or bicarbonate

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33
Q

photoheterotroph
-energy source?
-carbon source?

A

-light
-organic molecules

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34
Q

chemoheterotrophs
-energy source?
-carbon source?

A

chemical bonds
organic compounds

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35
Q

_______ are most common followed by _____

A

photoautotrophs; chemoheterotrophs

36
Q

obligate aerobes

A
  • Uses oxygen for cellular respiration
  • Requires oxygen for long term survival
37
Q

obligate anaerobes

A
  • Do not use oxygen for cellular respiration
  • Use only fermentation or use atom other than oxygen for respiration (S or N)
38
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

-use oxygen for cellular respiration if available
-uses fermentation if oxygen is not available

39
Q

eukaryotes can only use nitrogen in a few forms, but prokaryotes…

A

can use nitrogen in many forms

40
Q

some prokaryotes are most self sufficient organisms:

A

-use light for energy
-use CO2 for carbon
-use N2 for. nitrogen
*do not need anything from other living organisms

41
Q

metabolic cooperation: some species cooperate in colonies

A

a few individuals fix nitrogen (same species)

42
Q

biofilms

A

recruit other cells to join (many species)

create sticky molecules that stick to other molecules/surfaces

leave open channels for wastes and nutrients

very resilient

43
Q

protobacteria

A

-grouped via genetic evidence
-very diverse

44
Q

chlamydias (bacteria)

A

parasites that have to live in animal cells
-depend on host cell for ATP
-they lack peptidoglycan (no cell wall)

45
Q

spirochetes (bacteria)

A

-spiral shape
-many are free living (not parasitic)
-some are parasites

46
Q

cyanobacteria (bacteria)

A

-the only prokaryotes with photosynthesis
-AKA blue-green algae
-abundant in phytoplankton

47
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

thick cell wall

very diverse

48
Q

Archae

A

prokaryotic but some share some features with eukaryotes such as having introns and DNA wrapped w histones

49
Q

in bacteria, you don’t have to process mRNA after transcription. but, in archaea…

A

you do since they contain introns that need to be removed

50
Q

extremophiles

A

live in extreme environments (many archaea)

51
Q

halophiles

A

live in salty environments

52
Q

thermophiles

A

live in hot environments

53
Q

methanogens

A

produce methane

54
Q

protists: no longer a true..

A

phylogenetic group

55
Q

protists do or don’t have internal structures?

A

yes they do, so they are eukaryotes

56
Q

protists are: eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

57
Q

protist structure

A

eukaryote cell with organelles

most are unicellular (can form colonies)

58
Q

more diverse in structure and function than plants, fungi, or animals

A

protists

59
Q

excavates

A

o Grouped based on DNA evidence
o Some have a groove on the side for feeding

60
Q

diplomonads and parabasalids

A

 Have really small mitochondria
 They do cellular respiration differently; they don’t use oxygen.

61
Q

euglenozoans have

A

unique flagellum

62
Q

SAR grouped based on

A

DNA evidence

63
Q

SAR stands for

A

 Stramenophiles
 Alveolates
 Rhizarians

64
Q

stramenophiles

A
  • Important photosynthesizers
  • Have two flagella: one smooth and one hair
65
Q

stramenophiles includes:

A

diatoms (unicellular algae in a complex glass shell)

golden algae (carotenoids, important phytoplankton)

brown algae: multicellular, largest and most complex algae

66
Q

brown algae lack

A

true tissue or organs

67
Q

structure of brown algae

A

holdfast, Stipe, Blades

68
Q

alternation of generations

A

haploid cells grow into multicellular individual

69
Q

how does alternation of generations work?

A

 Diploid sporophyte makes haploid spores
 Haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes
 Fertilization creates diploid sporophyte

70
Q

dinoflagellates

A

Important phytoplankton
o Cellulose walls
o 2 flagella

71
Q

apicomplexans

A

animal parasites
o Complex lifestyle with multiple hosts

72
Q

ciliates

A

predators that move using cilia

73
Q

alveolates include

A

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

74
Q

rhizarians include

A

radiolarians, foraminiferans, cercozoans

75
Q

many rhizarians use

A

amoeba movements (crawl with pseudopodia)

76
Q

radiolarians

A

o Internal glass skeleton
o Radiating pseudopodia for feeding

77
Q

foraminiferans

A

o Porous calcium carbonate shells
o Form chalk

78
Q

cercozoans

A

o Important bacterial predators
o Feed with pseudopodia

79
Q

red algae

A

-has red photosynthetic pigment and chlorophyll
-can live deeper than most algae since they capture more blue light
-most are multicellular

80
Q

green algae are closely related to

A

plants

81
Q

some green algae are unicellular:

A

phytoplankton

live in damp terrestrial environments

symbiotic

82
Q

some green algae are colonial

A

live together but they do not HAVE to

often long filaments

83
Q

red and green algae often have complex lifecycles with

A

sexual and asexual reproduction

84
Q

unikonts

A

o Diverse clade (common ancestor and all the things that come from that)
o Includes various protists
 Amoebozoans
o Clade also includes fungi and animals

85
Q

amoebozoans: plasmodial slime molds

A

 One giant cell with many nuclei
 Often colorful
 Decomposer of plant material
 Create fruiting bodies

86
Q

amoebozoans: cellular slime molds

A

 Function as individuals for feeding
 Function as a group to form spores

Biol 143 (21 decks)

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