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Biol 143 > diversity: prokaryotes and protists > Flashcards

diversity: prokaryotes and protists Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes are ____cellular, ____ than eukaryotes, and _______ organelles.

A

unicellular, smaller, do not have

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2
Q

do prokaryotes have cell walls?

A

yes they form cell walls used for structure and defense

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3
Q

what are prokaryote cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan (sugar polymer) glued together by peptide chains

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4
Q

gram positive prokaryotes have __ cell walls

A

thick (many layers)

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5
Q

gram negative prokaryotes have __ cell walls

A

thin

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6
Q

gram negative prokaryotes

A

-more complex since they have a second membrane outside the wall

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7
Q

many prokaryotes are surrounded by a _________…

A

sticky layer: made of sugar chains or proteins

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8
Q

capsule

A

well organized sticky layer that forms a dense, protective layer

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9
Q

slime layer

A

less organized sticky layer

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10
Q

endospores form when

A

environment is harsh

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11
Q

what do endospores consist of?

A

chromosomes packed into dry structure

all metabolisms stops

can rehydrate when environment improves

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12
Q

how can prokaryotes move?

A

fimbriae, pili, or flagella

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13
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages that grab surfaces or other cells

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14
Q

pili

A

longer projections used to pull cells together to exchange DNA during conjugation (kind of like reproduction)

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15
Q

flagella

A

spinning structures used for swimming

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16
Q

DNA in prokaryotes is located where?

A

nucleoid (not nucleus): region of cytoplasm containing DNA

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17
Q

DNA is prokaryotes: chromosomes

A

single circular chromosomes

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18
Q

plasmid

A

seller pieces of DNA with additional genes

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19
Q

prokaryote reproduction

A

they reproduce asexually via binary fission which is where one divides into 2 clones

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20
Q

how often can binary fission occur?

A

most can divide every 1-2 hours: in 1 day, 15 million can be made starting from 1 cell

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21
Q

rapid reproduction leads to

A

rapid mutations: a mutation with a 1 in 10 million chance would still happen in less than a day

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22
Q

genetic recombination in prokaryotes

A

transformation, transduction, or conjugation

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23
Q

transformation

A

-take DNA from environment
-search environment for DNA from related species and can swap absorbed alleles with their own

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24
Q

transduction

A

viruses carry genes between prokaryotes
-virus picks up prokaryote DNA by mistake

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25
conjugation
prokaryotes attach to each other and transfer DNA -long pilus used to attach cells -DNA transfer is one way -requires F factor genes (instructions for process)
26
phototrophs
capture energy from light
27
chemotrophs
capture energy from chemical bonds
28
autotrophs
capture inorganic carbon and turn it into carbon molecules
29
example of how plants are autotrophs
they used Calvin cycle to take CO2 into useable materials
30
heterotrophs
required carbon compounds produced by autotrophs
31
photoautotroph: -energy source? -carbon source?
-light -CO2 or bicarbonate
32
chemoautotroph -energy source? -carbon source?
-chemical bonds -CO2 or bicarbonate
33
photoheterotroph -energy source? -carbon source?
-light -organic molecules
34
chemoheterotrophs -energy source? -carbon source?
chemical bonds organic compounds
35
_______ are most common followed by _____
photoautotrophs; chemoheterotrophs
36
obligate aerobes
* Uses oxygen for cellular respiration * Requires oxygen for long term survival
37
obligate anaerobes
* Do not use oxygen for cellular respiration * Use only fermentation or use atom other than oxygen for respiration (S or N)
38
facultative anaerobes
-use oxygen for cellular respiration if available -uses fermentation if oxygen is not available
39
eukaryotes can only use nitrogen in a few forms, but prokaryotes...
can use nitrogen in many forms
40
some prokaryotes are most self sufficient organisms:
-use light for energy -use CO2 for carbon -use N2 for. nitrogen *do not need anything from other living organisms
41
metabolic cooperation: some species cooperate in colonies
a few individuals fix nitrogen (same species)
42
biofilms
recruit other cells to join (many species) create sticky molecules that stick to other molecules/surfaces leave open channels for wastes and nutrients very resilient
43
protobacteria
-grouped via genetic evidence -very diverse
44
chlamydias (bacteria)
parasites that have to live in animal cells -depend on host cell for ATP -they lack peptidoglycan (no cell wall)
45
spirochetes (bacteria)
-spiral shape -many are free living (not parasitic) -some are parasites
46
cyanobacteria (bacteria)
-the only prokaryotes with photosynthesis -AKA blue-green algae -abundant in phytoplankton
47
gram positive bacteria
thick cell wall very diverse
48
Archae
prokaryotic but some share some features with eukaryotes such as having introns and DNA wrapped w histones
49
in bacteria, you don't have to process mRNA after transcription. but, in archaea...
you do since they contain introns that need to be removed
50
extremophiles
live in extreme environments (many archaea)
51
halophiles
live in salty environments
52
thermophiles
live in hot environments
53
methanogens
produce methane
54
protists: no longer a true..
phylogenetic group
55
protists do or don't have internal structures?
yes they do, so they are eukaryotes
56
protists are: eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
eukaryotes
57
protist structure
eukaryote cell with organelles most are unicellular (can form colonies)
58
more diverse in structure and function than plants, fungi, or animals
protists
59
excavates
o Grouped based on DNA evidence o Some have a groove on the side for feeding
60
diplomonads and parabasalids
 Have really small mitochondria  They do cellular respiration differently; they don’t use oxygen.
61
euglenozoans have
unique flagellum
62
SAR grouped based on
DNA evidence
63
SAR stands for
 Stramenophiles  Alveolates  Rhizarians
64
stramenophiles
* Important photosynthesizers * Have two flagella: one smooth and one hair
65
stramenophiles includes:
diatoms (unicellular algae in a complex glass shell) golden algae (carotenoids, important phytoplankton) brown algae: multicellular, largest and most complex algae
66
brown algae lack
true tissue or organs
67
structure of brown algae
holdfast, Stipe, Blades
68
alternation of generations
haploid cells grow into multicellular individual
69
how does alternation of generations work?
 Diploid sporophyte makes haploid spores  Haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes  Fertilization creates diploid sporophyte
70
dinoflagellates
Important phytoplankton o Cellulose walls o 2 flagella
71
apicomplexans
animal parasites o Complex lifestyle with multiple hosts
72
ciliates
predators that move using cilia
73
alveolates include
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
74
rhizarians include
radiolarians, foraminiferans, cercozoans
75
many rhizarians use
amoeba movements (crawl with pseudopodia)
76
radiolarians
o Internal glass skeleton o Radiating pseudopodia for feeding
77
foraminiferans
o Porous calcium carbonate shells o Form chalk
78
cercozoans
o Important bacterial predators o Feed with pseudopodia
79
red algae
-has red photosynthetic pigment and chlorophyll -can live deeper than most algae since they capture more blue light -most are multicellular
80
green algae are closely related to
plants
81
some green algae are unicellular:
phytoplankton live in damp terrestrial environments symbiotic
82
some green algae are colonial
live together but they do not HAVE to often long filaments
83
red and green algae often have complex lifecycles with
sexual and asexual reproduction
84
unikonts
o Diverse clade (common ancestor and all the things that come from that) o Includes various protists  Amoebozoans o Clade also includes fungi and animals
85
amoebozoans: plasmodial slime molds
 One giant cell with many nuclei  Often colorful  Decomposer of plant material  Create fruiting bodies
86
amoebozoans: cellular slime molds
 Function as individuals for feeding  Function as a group to form spores

Biol 143 (21 decks)

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