vascular plant structure Flashcards
1
Q
2 main clades of flowering plants
A
monocots and eudicots
2
Q
monocots and eudicots are named for their number of
A
cotyledons: embryonic leaves in seed
3
Q
monocots have ___ leaf veins
A
parallel
4
Q
monocots are mostly …
A
Lillies and grasses
5
Q
monocots: floral parts are in multiples of
A
3
6
Q
eudicots have __ leaf veins
A
branched
7
Q
eudicots: floral parts are in multiples of
A
4 or 5
8
Q
parenchyma cells
A
*Thin and flexible walls
*Where plant metabolism occurs (photosynthesis)
9
Q
collenchyma cells
A
*Living support cells
*Can lengthen if needed
*Often found in parts of the plant that are growing (stem/roots)
10
Q
sclerenchyma cells
A
- Support cells, but they are often dead
- Cannot grow further
- They have thick walls that are strengthened with lignin protein
11
Q
xylem cells transport
A
water
12
Q
phloem cells transport
A
sugary sap
13
Q
plant cells are organized into
A
tissues
14
Q
plants are built as a series of layers called
A
tissue systems
15
Q
tissue system layers:
A
dermal, vascular, and ground
16
Q
dermal :
A
covers outside of plant
17
Q
vascular:
A
forms the core of plant
18
Q
ground:
A
between dermal and vascular
19
Q
roots can be organized into
A
central taproot and spreading lateral roots
20
Q
stems:
A
nodes where leaves attach
21
Q
internodes:
A
between leaves
22
Q
___ bud at end of stem
A
apical
23
Q
___ buds near leaves
A
axillary
24
Q
leaves: flat blade and stem like _____
A
petiole
25
stems + leaves =
shoot system
26
intermediate growth
no set full grown size
true for most plants
27
determinate growth
have a typical full grown size
true for most animals and many plants
28
primary plant growth
makes roots and shoots longer
29
secondary plant growth
makes roots and shoots thicker
30
meristems are required for
growth
31
plant stem cells:
-divide to produce...
-enable...
-found...
-new cells
-plant growth
-inside meristems
32
apical meristems
tips of roots and shoots
enables primary growth
33
lateral meristem
ring around stems and roots
enables secondary growth
34
intercalary meristem
in monocots only
continually grow leaves from base
35
root hairs
tiny extensions of root epidermis that increases surface area for absorption
36
most water is absorbed through...
root hairs
37
where are root hairs found
end of roots
38
internal structure of root: vascular cylinder location in center/middle...
*Larger xylem more central
*Smaller phloem are more outward
*Pericycle around vascular cylinder
39
internal structure of root: cortex
ground tissue between epidermis and vascular cylinder
40
endodermis:
inner layer of cortex
stores sugar
transports water and nutrients inward
41
primary root growth is created by
root apical meristem
42
primary root growth:
-meristem is protected by...
root cap
43
primary root growth:
meristem divides toward both ends of roots. cells elongate behind root tip, pushing the root through soil
44
lateral roots grow from
pericycle: layer surrounding vascular cylinder
45
lateral root growth is stimulated in
in soil with more nutrients
46
tap roots
* Deep root with lateral roots
* Allows access to water deep in the soil
* Common in eudicots
47
fibrous roots
* Many small roots
* Remove water from soil very quickly after rain
* Common in monocots
48
aerial roots
* Small plants grow on branches of larger plant and never reach soil
* Grow down from tree branches to soil
49
prop roots
* Branch to the side to provide additional support
* Important in loose soil or shallow root system
50
pneumatophores:
supply oxygen to deeper root tissues where there is no oxygen
o Roots need oxygen for cellular respiration
51
nodes
leaf, bud, or branch attachment
52
axillary buds
meristem in nodes
53
internodes
no leaves, buds, or branches
54
stem structure: vascular bundles
xylem and phloem
55
stem structure: Poth vs cortex ( ground tissue )
-poth: central of stem inside vascular tissue
-cortex: between vascular bundles and epidermis
56
dicot:
-vascular bundles in ___
- ____ inside, ___ outside
- ring
-xylem; phloem
57
monocot:
- ____ vascular bundles
-mixed ...
-scattered
-mixed xylem and phloem in each bundle
58
primary shoot growth is created by
shoot apical meristem
59
apical dominance
* Apical bud reduces axillary bud growth
* Prevents side shoots near growing tip of shoot
60
primary shoot growth creates structures along stem:
leaves and axially meristems
61
primary shoot growth creates structures within stem
lateral meristems and primary xylem/phloem
62
secondary shoot growth is created by
lateral meristems
-2 kinds: vascular cambium and cork cambium
63
vascular cambium
*Divides inward to create _____
*Divides outward to create _____
*Seasonal changes form ______
-secondary xylem
-secondary phloem
-tree rings
64
cork cambium divides outward to create
cork
65
bark =
secondary phloem + cork
66
rhizomes and corms (stem modifications)
* Underground stems which can sprout new plants
* Have nodes and internodes
* Used for energy storage
67
rhizomes and corms: example
ginger
68
stolons and runners (stem modifications)
Run near soil surface to form new plants
69
tubers and bulbs (stem modifications)
* Underground stems modified for energy storage (Store energy as starch or sugar)
* Axillary buds can grow into new plants
* Bulbs have layers of leaves
70
tubers and bulbs example
potato
71
tendrils (stem modifications )
* Slender stems that wrap around structures
* Provide support for plant
* Usually seen in vines
72
thorns (stem modifications)
Modified branches that protect plant from being eaten by large herbivores
73
petiole
connects leaf to stem
74
blade/lamina
flat portion of leaf
75
vein
vascular tissue in leaf
76
veins contain
xylem and phloem
77
midrib
central vein (eudicots only)
78
margin
edge of leaf
79
venation pattern in monocots
* Parallel venation
* Veins DO NOT merge
80
venation pattern in dicots
* Net like venation
* Repeated branching pattern
* Often start from central vein
81
eudicot leaf types: simple
each leaf has one blade (no leaflets)
82
eudicot leaf types: compound
multiple blades
83
palmately compound
leaflets branch from one point
84
pinnately compound
leaflets ranch along central vein
85
doubly compound
leaflets branch along veins attached to central vein
86
cuticle (on surface)
* Waxy coating, not cells
* Reduces water loss
87
___ is under the cuticle
epidermis
88
stomata
* Openings for gas exchange
* Surrounded by guard cells
89
mesophyll
* Center of leaf
* Specialized for photosynthesis
90
leaf vein
* Xylem and phloem
91
stomata: gas exchange details
O2 exits leaf, CO2 enters leaf
92
transpiration
water evaporation out of leaf controlled by opening or closing stomata
93
guard cells
open or close stomata
94
what do pitcher plants, Venus fly traps, and sundew plants do?
* Capture animals, digest prey
