diversity: fungi Flashcards
fungi are ________________trophs
chemoheterotrophs
fungi ___ nutrients from…
absorb; their environments
how do fungi absorb nutrients from environment?
Some secrete digestive enzymes into environment around them, and then absorb the digested nutrients.
Some enter cells of other organisms to absorb nutrients
* Parasitic: steal from other organisms
* Mutualistic
fungi: lifestyles
Decomposers
Parasites
Symbiotic mutualists
fungi cell walls
-made of chitin
-storng but flexible
multicellular fungi are mostly made of
hyphae: tiny filaments
-high surface area
mycelium
Network of hyphae
Spread throughout food source
Mycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients with ..
plant roots
arbuscles are hyphae used for
exchange
how do fungi usually spread
spores
spores:
Sexual or asexual lifecycles can produce spores
Spores are very light, making them easier to disperse to new environment
Little metabolism: can last a long time
They germinate and start growing in good conditions
sexual reproduction of fungi
-most fungal cells are haploid
-they have separate mating types
-exchange nuclei with opposite mating type (nuclei don’t fuse immediately)
-form diploid cells
-produce haploid spores via meiosis
asexual reproduction of fungi
Molds: grow stalks to release spores
Yeasts: single cells that reproduce by dividing
*Some can merge into mycelia
chytrids
-common in lakes/soils
-produce swimming zoospores that have flagella
-decomposers/parasites/mutualists
zygomycetes: complex lifecycle
- Sexual and asexual stages
o Both produce spores - Asexual reproduction occurs in good conditions
o Natural selection is not needed and it is faster - Sexual reproduction occurs in poor conditions
o Natural selection is helpful if offspring are in new environment and need to adapt
glomeromycetes: mutualists with plants
-forms mycorrhizae: warp around or go into plant roots
-fungus gives water and nutrients
-plants gives sugar
glomeromycetes: effectively increases reach of plant roots and connects roots to other plants, allowing …
communication between plants and exchange of nutrients
ascocarps
large structures that asci form on
ascomycetes are ___ parasites
plant
ascomycetes: lichen
- Mutualism with algae or cyanobacteria
basidiomycetes
Spores produced on basidium
* Pedestal or club like structures
* Basidiocarps are larger structures that basidia form on
many mushrooms are
basidiomycetes
basidiocarp formation
Hyphae can flow together to form basidiocarp
* Does not make new cells like plants do, just reorganizes them.
Can appear in a few hours
Gill like structures underneath contain basidia
why do mushrooms grow in a ring
a fungal spore starts in center and grows out in circle, the edge of the circle grows a ring mushrooms every once in a while when reproduction is necessary.
lichen
Mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae (cyanobacteria)
Fungi provides protection and nutrients
Algae provides energy
animal mutualism
Animals cannot digest cellulose
Some fungi can break cellulose
Grazing animals and termites have fungi in digestive system that will decompose plants
Leafcutter ants harvest leaves to farm fungi
human mutualisms
Yeasts produces CO2 and alcohol in anaerobic conditions
Beer, wine, bread
amanita mushrooms contain
muscimol
- Psychoactive chemical
- Changes your size perception
fungi parasites
Steal nutrients from host
* Don’t give anything back
Often are plan pathogens
* Ergo of rye
Currently contributing to amphibian declines
* Chytridiomycota fungus infects amphibian skin
* Inhibits gas exchange
