Vascular Pathways Flashcards
Common _____ disorders include arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries),
atherosclerosis (fatty deposits and occlusion), hypertension, and aneurysms
(ballooning and/or rupture of the vessel)
arterial
(hardening of the arteries)
arteriosclerosis
(fatty deposits and occlusion)
atherosclerosis
(ballooning and/or rupture of the vessel)
aneurysms
Cardiac infarct and cerebral infarct resulting from _______ of arteries are major causes of morbidity
occlusion of the lumen
(cardiac infarct–heart attack
cerebral infarct–ishemic stroke)
____ is associated with the build up of fat (mainly cholesterol) beneath the
endothelium of artery walls
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis:
–Leads to the thickening of arterial walls and damage to WHAT layer of the vessel?
–Eventually causes the artery to narrow and restricts blood flow
Tunica Intima
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis:
Risk factors: obesity, high cholesterol, advanced age, genetics, smoking, hypertension,
sex (male)
Describe the anatomy of a vessel with atherosclerosis
–Thickened tunica adventitia and media
–Accumulating plaque
–damaged* and thickened tunica intima
Consequences of ____ can include:
* Ischemia (reduction in blood supply to an organ or region)
* Infarction (local death, or necrosis, of an area of tissue or an organ resulting from reduced blood
supply)
atherosclerosis
(reduction in blood supply to an organ or region)
Ischemia
(local death, or necrosis, of an area of tissue or an organ resulting from reduced blood
supply)
Infarction
Treatments for atherosclerosis and its consequences (ischemia and infarction)
Treatments: angioplasty, surgery
When endothelial linings of vessels become damaged due to disease processes or trauma, _____ can occur
vascular lesions
the formation of an intravascular clot
thrombosis (clot: thombus)
Thrombi can become dislodged and travel as ____ to other vessels and causes blockage of normal blood flow
an emboli (singular, embolus)
How do thrombi affect blood flow?
cause blockage of normal blood flow
Stroke in the brain, myocardial infarction in heart, pulmonary embolism in pulmonary artery, etc. are examples of __
results of thrombosis
the presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood
Bacteremia
What are ways in which bacteria can enter the body?
Bacteria can enter through wounds in skin, dental treatments, surgical procedures, or infections in the body
T/F: In people with weak immune systems, bacteremia can be a serious condition
True! (ex: older person, chemo patient, etc)
Without treatment, bacteremia can progress to ____
sepsis (which can cause organ failure and death)
What can sepsis lead to?
can cause organ failure and death
a collection of blood that pools outside of a blood vessel, usually caused by an injury or surgery
Hematoma
____ to the blood vessels cause the blood to permeate the surrounding tissues (bruise) and beings to clot
Localized trauma
What does localized trauma cause the blood to do?
permeate surrounding tissues (bruise) and clot
A _____ is considered ongoing bleeding
hemorrhage
a hematoma is ____ that has usually clotted
localized bleeding
Hematoma: what can the escaped blood cause?
swelling, tenderness, discoloration
Hematoma: How long will the swelling, tenderness, discoloration last?
will last until the inflammatory response subsides and the blood is broken down and absorbed back into the body
The ____ of the heart pumps out blood to the body through the systemic circulatory pathways
left ventricle
The left ventricle of the heart pumps out blood to the body through the ____
systemic circulatory pathways
T/F: The arteries are under pressure and pulsate with heartbeat
true
On what type of blood vessel can a pulse be felt?
major arteries
Name the 9 human pulse point
carotid, apical, radial, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial, femoral, brachial, temporal (all arteries)
All systemic arteries originate from ___
a major branch of the aorta
–Heart
–Head and neck
–shoulder and upper limb
are supplied by
Aortic Arch
What supplies:
-thoracic organs
-thoracic body wall
Thoracic Aorta
What supplies:
–Abdominal wall
–Lower back region
–Abdominal organs
–Pelvic organs
–Lower limb
Abdominal Aorta
starts as the aorta leave the left ventricle and transitions into aortic arch as it begins to curve
Ascending aorta:
Branches of the Ascending aorta:
left and right coronary arteries
Supplies the heart tissue
left and right coronary arteries
between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta in the thorax
aortic arch
right brachiocephalic a., left common carotid a., left subclavian a. are branches of:
the aortic arch
The branches of the aortic branch supply:
the entire head, neck, and upper limbs
begins at the aortic arch and runs through the thorax and abdomen (then bifurcates)
Descending Aorta
2 sections of the descending aorta:
Thoracic and abdominal aorta
begins at the aortic arch and ends as the aorta passes
through the diaphragm
Thoracic region of descending aorta (thoracic aorta)
3rd to 11th posterior intercostal, subcostal, esophageal, bronchial, superior phrenic, mediastinal, and pericardial aa (are branches to WHAT?)
Thoracic Aorta
begins at the diaphragm and ends as the aorta bifurcates into the common iliac arteries (at L4 vertebral body)
Abdominal region of descending aorta (abdominal aorta)
The abdominal aorta bifurcates into:
the common iliac arteries
At what location does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries
L4 vertebral body
3 branch directions
Anterior Midline, Lateral, Posterolateral
Aorta Branch directions: unpaired visceral branches to digestive tract
anterior midline
Aorta Branch directions: paired visceral branches to urogenital and endocrine organs
Lateral
Aorta Branch directions: paired parietal (segmental) branches to diaphragm and body wall
Posterolateral
All systemic veins will drain to the ___ or ____
superior or inferior vena cava
The hepatic portal system drains the ________ and is separate from the caval system
abdominal organs
The _____ drains the abdominal organs
hepatic portal system
Drains:
–Heart itself
–Thoracic organs
–Thoracic body wall
–Head and neck
–Upper limb and shoulder
Superior Vena Cava
Drains:
–Abdominal body wall
–Lower back
–Liver
–Kidneys and gonads
–Pelvic organs
–Lower limbs
Inferior Vena Cava
Both the superior and inferior vena cava drain into ___
the right atrium of the heart
____ collects blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and thoracic wall
Superior vena cava
Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein merge on each side to form the ___
brachiocephalic veins
____ and ____ merge on each side to form the brachiocephalic veins
Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
the brachiocephalic veins converge to form the
superior vena cava
Azygos veins also drain blood from the ____
thoracic wall
____ is responsible for venous drainage of all structures below the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
Venous blood from GI organs brought to liver as ____, and then filtered blood is returned to IVC via the hepatic veins
part of hepatic portal system
Venous blood from GI organs brought to liver as part of hepatic portal system, and then filtered blood is returned to ____ via the hepatic veins
inferior vena cava
Venous blood from GI organs brought to ____ as part of hepatic portal system, and then filtered blood is returned to IVC via the hepatic veins
liver
Venous blood from GI organs brought to liver as part of hepatic portal system, and then filtered blood is returned to IVC via the ____
hepatic veins
Heart: The ___ is located to the left of midline, while the ____ is located to the right of midline
aorta. inferior vena cava.
T/F: both the aorta and the IVC are in the thorax and abdomen
True
