Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Test 3 > Pericardium and heart > Flashcards

Pericardium and heart Flashcards

1
Q

The middle mediastinum includes the:

A

pericardium, heart, and the roots of its great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ is a fibroserous membrane that covers the heart and the beginning of the great
vessels

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The pericardium is a closed sac composed of two layers:

A

Fibrous Pericardium & Serous Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serous Pericardium consists of two layers:

A

Parietal Layer, Visceral Layer (epicardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a glistening serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal Layer of serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

this layer is reflected onto the heart of the great vessels

A

Visceral Layer of serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____ is the home of the heart

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ pericardium is external side, ____ layer of serous pericardium is on internal side

A

Fibrous; parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The multiple attachment points of the fibrous pericardium _____ inside the fibrous pericardium

A

keep the heart well tethered in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ______ is influenced by movements of the heart and great vessels, the sternum, and the diaphragm

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inelastic quality protects the heart against sudden overfilling by ____

A

limiting its distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fibrous Pericardium: Protects the heart from ____ by serving as physical barrier between the muscular body of the heart and adjacent organs prone to injury, such as the lungs

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The pericardial cavity is the _____ between opposing layers of the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

A

potential space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(The pericardial cavity) Normally contains a thin film of fluid that enables the heart to _____ (lubrication)

A

move and beat in a frictionless environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arterial supply of pericardium is mainly from the _______, a slender branch of the internal thoracic artery that accompanies the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

A

pericardiacophrenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arterial supply of pericardium is mainly from the pericardiacophrenic artery, a slender branch of the _____ that accompanies the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

A

internal thoracic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arterial supply of pericardium is mainly from the pericardiacophrenic artery, a slender branch of the internal thoracic artery that accompanies the _____ to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Venous drainage of the pericardium is by the ______, tributaries of the brachiocephalic (or internal thoracic) veins

A

pericardiacophrenic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Venous drainage of the pericardium is by the pericardiacophrenic veins, tributaries of the _____ (or internal thoracic) veins

A

brachiocephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Somatic sensation to the fibrous and parietal layer of pericardium is from the ___

A

phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(Phrenic Nerves) Pain sensations conveyed by these nerves are commonly referred to the _____ of the ipsilateral supraclavicular region (or top of shoulder of the same side)

A

skin (C3-C5 dermatomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Visceral sensory to the ____ is via the cardiac plexuses

A

epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: epicardium is sensitive to pain

A

False; epicardium is insensitive to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Visceral sensory to the epicardium is via the _______

A

cardiac plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Medical emergency that occurs when fluid or air builds up in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and making it difficult to pump blood

A

Cardiac Tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

– fluid in pericardial sac

A

Pericardial effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Used to treat cardiac tamponade by inserting a needle and catheter into the pericardial cavity using ultrasound as a guide

A

Pericardiocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pericardiocentesis: Used to treat cardiac tamponade by inserting a needle and catheter into the ______ using ultrasound as a guide

A

pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ideal puncture site is close to the maximum fluid accumulation and has no intervening organs (name this site)

A

substernal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 possible sites for pericardiocentesis

A

Parasternal, Substernal, Apical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

= inferolateral part of left ventricle. Posterior to left 5th intercostal space

A

Apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

= heart’s posterior aspect (opposite the apex), mainly formed by left atrium and where great vessels enter heart

A

Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where do the great vessels enter the heart?

A

the base (mainly formed by left atrium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Components of heart:

A

4 chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles), 4 valves, great vessels, coronary v e s s e l s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

___ and ___ border the heart on the right

A

SVC and Right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Border left side of the heart

A

aortic arch, pulmonary artery, left auricle and left ventricle
Inferior – right ventricle and small portion of left ventric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

right ventricle and small portion of left ventricle–which border of the heart?

A

Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

right and left atria and auricles; ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, and SVC all emerge or enter heart here–which border of the heart?

A

Superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

– enlarged heart

A

Cardiomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

– deviation of heart to one side

A

Mediastinal shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

– inversion of heart position

A

Dextrocardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Heart is positioned obliquely in the chest with the ____ most posterior and superior and the ____ anterior and inferior

A

left atrium; right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Structures that open into RA (carrying oxygen poor blood):

A

SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Smooth thin-walled posterior part that receives SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

A

right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

(RV): Anterior area with _____ muscle (including the auricle) is divided from smooth section by crista terminalis

A

pectinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

(RV) Anterior area with pectinate muscle (including the auricle) is divided from smooth section by _____

A

crista terminalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The ____ divides the right atrium from the left atrium

A

interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

_____ is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve

A

Fossa ovalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

______ is specific to the right atrium

A

Crista Terminalis (and fossa ovalis? i dont think so bc on interatrial septum so technically both?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

T/F: As many as 25% of individuals have an atrial septal defect

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

If ______ is too large, it allows oxygenated blood to be shunted to the right atrium and results in an overloading of the pulmonary system.

A

Patent Foramen Ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

(Patent Foramen Ovale) If this is too large, it allows _____ blood to be shunted to the ____ and results in an overloading of the pulmonary system.

A

oxygenated; right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

RV receives blood from the right atrium through the _____, which is guarded by the tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the consequence of the patent foramen ovale being too large?

A

overloading of the pulmonary system; Subsequently, the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

RV receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular orifice, which is guarded by the ____

A

tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

= irregular muscular elevations on internal surface of right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carnae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

_____ has two parts:
* Muscularpartinferior
*Membranous part that is superior and posterior

A

Interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ascending Aorta, pulmonary trunk, and SVC all emerge of enter the heart here (name the border)

A

Superior Border of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Pulmonary valve is a semilunar valve guarding the ____
–Which side of the heart?

A

pulmonary trunk; right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

_____ is a semilunar valve guarding the pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

pulmonary valve separates

A

right ventricle from pulmonary trunk/artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

RV: Blood flow follows ___ path, changing direction about 140o

A

a U-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

25% of all congenital heart defects are

A

Ventricular Septum Defects (VSDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Ventricular Septum Defects (VSDs): occur in ____

A

muscular portion (these can spontaneously close)
–more inferior and anterior

66
Q

Opening between R and L
ventricles causing shunting of blood

A

Ventricular Septum Defects (VSDs)

67
Q

Which VSDs more commonly corrected surgically

A

Membranous defects (more superior and posterior)

68
Q

LA: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via ______

A

four pulmonary veins

69
Q

Left Atrium: Smooth interior except for pectinate muscles in the ________

A

left auricle

70
Q

Receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice and guarded by the bicuspid or mitral valve

A

Left Ventricle

71
Q

LV: Receives blood from the left atrium through the ____ and guarded by the bicuspid or mitral valve

A

left atrioventricular orifice

72
Q

LV: Receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice and guarded by the ____

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

73
Q

valve associate with right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve (guarding the right atrioventricular orifice) + pulmonary valve

74
Q

Valve associated with the left ventricle

A

bicuspid or mitral valve + aortic valv

75
Q

Specific to the ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae

76
Q

LV: Receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice and guarded by the _____

A

bicuspid or mitral valve

77
Q

Internal surface of LV is also characterized by presence of ____

A

trabeculae carnae

78
Q

T/F: wall of RV is 2-3x thicker than LV

A

False; LV is thicker

79
Q

LV: The aortic valve is a semilunar valve guarding the _______

A

ascending aorta

80
Q

Blood flow takes two right turns resulting in a 180 degree change in direction (where?)

A

Left ventricle

81
Q

Explain the difference in direction of blood flow in each ventricle

A

Right ventricle is a U-shape (RA–> RV–> Pulmonary Trunk; Left ventricle is 180 degrees, takes to right turns (LA–>LV–> Aorta)

82
Q

Right atrioventricular valve has three cups (tricuspid valve) –

A

anterior, posterior, septal

83
Q

Left atrioventricular valve has two cusps (bicuspid valve, also mitral valve) –

A

anterior and posterior

84
Q

_____ connect the chordae tendineae to the trabeculae carnae

A

Papillary muscles (ventricles?)

85
Q

The anterior papillary muscle is connected to the interventricular septum in the right ventricle by the ____. This will carry part of the right branch of the AV bundle, a part of the conducting system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle

A

septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band)

86
Q

The anterior papillary muscle is connected to the _____ in the right ventricle by the septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band). This will carry part of the right branch of the AV bundle, a part of the conducting system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle

A

interventricular septum

87
Q

The anterior papillary muscle is connected to the interventricular septum in the _____ by the septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band).

A

right ventricle

88
Q

The anterior papillary muscle is connected to the interventricular septum in the right ventricle by the septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band). This will carry part of the right branch of the ____, a part of the conducting system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle

A

AV bundle

89
Q

are literally “heartstrings” bridging the valve leaflets to the papillary muscle

A

Chordae tendineae

90
Q

Chordae tendineae are literally “heartstrings” bridging the valve leaflets to the ____

A

papillary muscle

91
Q

Left atrioventricular valve has two cusps (bicuspid valve, also mitral valve) –

A

anterior and posterior

92
Q

is the most commonly diseased of the valves in the heart

A

The mitral valve

93
Q

Mitral Valve: Leaflets can prolapse into the:

A

left atrium

94
Q

Period of Ventricular elongation and filling

A

disatole

95
Q

During diastole which valves are open/closed

A

–av open
–Semilunar valves closed

96
Q

Two heart sounds are heard with a stethoscope: a lub (1st) sound as the blood is transferred from the atria into the ventricles (Name this valve) and a dub (2nd) sound as the ventricles expel blood from the heart (name this valve)

A

AV open, SL open

97
Q

function to prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)

A

Atrioventricular valves

98
Q

(AV valves) ____ and ____ prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

99
Q

malfuncting ____ valve allows backflow into left Atrium causing englargement

A

Mitral valve

100
Q

Name the 2 semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic

101
Q

Pulmonary valve separates

A

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

102
Q

aortic valve separates

A

left ventricle and ascending aorta

103
Q

have three cup-like cusps that
prevent backflow into the ventricles
during ventricular relaxation (diastole)

A

Semilunar valves

104
Q

T/F: semilunar valves associated with chordinae tendinae and papillary muscle

A

false; not associated

105
Q

Describe the cusps of semilunar valves

A

(3 cusps) Right, left, Posterior
–each cusp has fibrous nodule
–each has thin CT lunule

106
Q

When semilunar valves close, the nodules and lunules ___

A

meet in the center

107
Q

The coronary arteries arise from the

A

left and right
aortic sinuses.

108
Q

The sinus without a coronary artery is nor called the

A

posterior (noncoronary) aortic sinus.

109
Q

The coronary arteries fill as the aortic sinuses fill following

A

ventricular contraction.

110
Q

are the only systemic arteries to perfuse during ventricular diastole

A

the coronary arteries

111
Q

The major coronary arteries are located in the ____, lying within the grooves between the chambers of the heart

A

epicardium

112
Q

supply the myocardium and epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

A

coronary arteries

113
Q

Tributaries of the RCA

A

SA Nodal branch, right marginal branch, av nodal branch, posterior intervent

114
Q

Tributaries of the LCA

A

Anterior interventricular, diagonal branches, circumflex branches, left marginal branch (SA nodal, AV nodal, Post intervent–vary)

115
Q

(RCA) Small branches to right atrium

A

SA Nodal Branch

116
Q

(RCA) descends along the acute margin of heart to supply the RV

A

Right marginal branch

117
Q

(RCA) descends in interventricular groove to supply posterior portions of the RV and LV and the posterior 1/3rd of the IV septum

A

Posterior Interventricular

118
Q

(LCA) descends in interventricular groove to supply to anterior portions of
the RV and LV and the anterior 2/3rd of the IV septum

A

Anterior Interventricular

119
Q

(LCA) to anterior portion of LV

A

Diagonal branch (off anterior interventricular)

120
Q

(LCA) follows atrioventricular groove to supply the LA and superior portion of LV

A

Circumflex branch

121
Q

(LCA) supply obtuse margin of heart

A

Left marginal Branch

122
Q

accompanies the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries

A

great cardiac vein

123
Q

– accompanies posterior interventricular artery

A

Middle cardiac vein

124
Q

– accompanies right marginal and then right coronary arteries

A
  • Small cardiac vein
125
Q

– descends obliquely on posterior aspect of LA to joint great cardiac vein
* Union of oblique cardiac vein and great cardiac vein marks the beginning of the coronary sinus. Coronary sinus drains into the right atrium

A
  • Oblique cardiac vein
126
Q

– opens directly into right atrium

A
  • Anterior cardiac vein
127
Q

Coronary sinus drains into the

A

right atrium

128
Q

Dominance is defined by the artery that gives rise to the

A

posterior interventricular artery

129
Q

Name the types of heart dominance

A

Right, left, co

130
Q

The dominant artery crosses the ____, which is the junction between the IV and AV grooves) and usually gives rise to the AV nodal artery

A

“crux” of the heart

131
Q

the junction between the IV and AV grooves

A

“crux” of the heart

132
Q

What is the outcome of each heart dominance?

A

No functional differences based on dominance type, but will influence the damaged region following myocardial infarction

133
Q

are functional end arteries

A

Coronary arteries

134
Q

There is some anastomosis between anterior and posterior interventricular and circumflex with

A

right coronary

135
Q

can form to bypass ischemic injury caused by coronary atherosclerosis

A

Collateral vessels

136
Q

Rhythmofheartisnormallycontrolledbyagroupofautomaticallydepolarizingspecializedcardiaccells
called the

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

137
Q

SA node is located –

A

in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the SVC and superior end of crista terminalis

138
Q

initiate the wave of depolarization

A

SA node

139
Q

T/F: SA node is spontaneously active

A

True

140
Q

The atrioventricular node (AV node) is located :

A

in the interatrial septum just superior to the opening of the coronary sinus

141
Q

Primary responsibly of AV node is to :

A

slow down the rate of depolarization to allow for complete ventricular filling

142
Q

The _____ passes from the AV node in the membranous part of the IV septum and
divides into the right and left bundle branches

A

AV bundle (bundle of His)

143
Q

The left and right bundle branches are insulated within the septum so that contraction of the ventricles is initiated at ___

A

the apex

144
Q

____ send electrical signals to the ventricles, which then synchronously contract

A

Purkinje fibers

145
Q

The heart is supplied by autonomic nerve fibers from ____

A

the cardiac plexus

146
Q

Cardiac Plexus is found:

A

is found on anterior surface of bifurcation of trachea and on the posterior aspect of the ascending aorta and bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk

147
Q

Cardiac plexus is formed by
_____ fibers
en route to the heart, as well as visceral
afferent fibers conveying ___ from the heart

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic; reflexive and
nociceptive fibers

148
Q

Fibers extend from plexus along and to the ______ and to components of the conducting system (primarily SA node)

A

coronary vessels

149
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are in :

A

lateral horns of spinal cord segments T1-T5.

150
Q

Postganglionic cells are located in the ___

A

cervical and paravertebral ganglia

151
Q

Post-synaptic fibers are carried in ___,
contributing to cardiac plexus and ending in
the SA and AV nodes and along coronary arteries.

A

thoracic
(cardiopulmonary) splanchnic nerves

152
Q

___ innervation increases heart rate, impulse conduction, force of heartbeat, and blood flow in coronary arteries.

A

Sympathetic

153
Q

Parasympathetic innervation is via preganglionic fibers located :

A

in the vagus nerve.

154
Q

____ parasympathetic fibers contribute to the cardiac plexuses.

A

Presynaptic

155
Q

Parasympathetic Postganglionic cells are located in ____

A

the cardiac tissue (atrial wall and interatrial septum near the SA and AV nodes and along coronary arteries)

156
Q

___ end in the SA and AV nodes and directly on the coronary arteries.

A

Parasympathetic Postsynaptic fibers

157
Q

___ stimulation is responsible for decreasing heart rate, force of contraction, and constricting coronary arteries.

A

Parasympathetic

158
Q

____ pathways for the heart follow the path of the sympathetics
backward

A

Visceral pain (nociceptive)

159
Q

Visceral sensory pathways that participate in reflex actions that lower blood pressure and slow the heart rate are carried in :

A

the vagus nerve (CN X).

160
Q

_____ does not transmit any visceral pain fibers originating in the heart, only reflexive fibers

A

The vagus nerve

Anatomy Test 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions