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Anatomy Test 3 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skin (5):

A

Protection (physical and immune), containment (prev dehydration), thermal regulation, sensation, and synthesis + storage

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2
Q

–Keratinized epithelium
* Tough, protective superficial layer
* Regenerative and pigmented basal layer
* No blood vessels or lymphatics (avascular)
* Less than 1 mm, except for soles of feet

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

(1-2 mm on average)
* Provide skin tone and account for strength and toughness of skin

  • Most nerve terminals in here, a few penetrate
    the epidermis
A

Dermis

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4
Q

Dermis: Supplied by arteries that enter its deep
surface to form a _____ of
anastomosing arteries

A

cutaneous plexus

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5
Q

Which layer of epidermis is regenerative and pigmented?

A

Basal Layer

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6
Q
  • Most nerve endings (sensitive to touch,
    irritation/pain, temperature) found here
A

dermis

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7
Q

Dermis: Dense layer of
interlacing ____ and ___ fibers

A

collagen and elastic

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8
Q

____ : accidental cuts and skin tears

A

Lacerations

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9
Q

Superficial Lacerations– penetrate the _____ and
sometimes ____, they bleed but
don’t interrupt the continuity of the dermis

A

epidermis. superficial layer of dermis.

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10
Q

Deep Lacerations– penetrate the deep layer of ______,
extending into the subcutaneous layer or beyond,
they gape and require approximation of the cut edge
of the dermis (by suturing) to minimize scarring

A

dermis

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11
Q

linear clefts in the skin that indicate the direction
of orientation of the underlying collagen fibers

A

Tension lines (cleavage lines, langer lines)

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12
Q

Tension Lines: Tend to spiral ____ in the limbs and run _____in the neck and trunk

A

longitudinally; transversely

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13
Q

Tension Lines: At joints, the lines are ____ to the transverse creases that
appear when the limbs are flexed

A

parallel

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14
Q

Cleavage lines are also known as tension lines or

A

langer lines

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15
Q

Incision or cut parallel to tension line results in

A

faster healing, less scar tissue

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16
Q

slower healing and increase in scar issue occurs when an incision is cut ____ to the tension line

A

oblique or perpendicular

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17
Q

a pilosebaceous unit includes:

A

hair follicles, arrector muscles of hairs, and sebaceous glands

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18
Q

Where will you NOT find hair follices:

(hair follicles are generally slanted to one side)

A

palms of hands,
soles of feet, lips, and urogenital orifices

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19
Q

Erects or raises hairs, causing goose bumps

  • Activated under conditions of stress by
    sympathetic nervous system
A

Arrector muscles of hairs (musculi arrector pili)

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete what substance? What is the function of that substance?

A

sebum – an oily substance that protects
the skin from drying out

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21
Q

–Lie on the side the hair is directed towards as it
emerges from the skin (side with arrector muscle)

A

Sebaceous Glands

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22
Q

–Hormonal target and play a prominent role in acne
vulgaris from the formation of sebum plugs

A

Sebaceous Glands

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23
Q

Contraction of the ____ causes the
hairs to stand up straighter, thereby compressing
the sebaceous glands and helping them secrete
their oily product (sebum) onto the skin surface.

A

arrector muscles (smooth muscle)

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24
Q

what causes compression of the sebaceous glands, helping them secrete
their oily product (sebum) onto the skin surface.

A

Contraction of the arrector muscles causes the hair to stand up

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25
Q

Evaporation of sweat from the skin provides a ____
mechanism

A

cooling

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26
Q

Sweat glands are activated by ________

A

sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

_____ Sweat glands: In axilla, around nipples, in pubic area
(labia majora, scrotum), in anal area.
Start to function during puberty

A

Apocrine

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28
Q

_____ Sweat glands: found everywhere except vermillion
border of lips, external ear
canal, nail beds, glans penis,
clitoris, and labia minora

A

Eccrine

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29
Q

____ Sweat glands: Secrete Mostly water with some ion
and nitrogenous waste
excretion

A

Eccrine

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30
Q

_____ sweat Glands: secrete Viscous, protein and lipid-rich product
that is initially odorless but can develop
odor after exposure to bacteria. Also
stimulated by adrenaline (NE)

A

aprocrine

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31
Q

Sweat glands playing a major role in thermoregulation

A

eccrine sweat glands

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32
Q
A
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32
Q

sweat glands serving as scent glands, minor role in thermoregulation

A

apocrine sweat glands

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33
Q

Large, branched sweat glands that release into hair follicles

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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34
Q

Sharp demarcation between the lip
and the adjacent normal skin

A

Vermillion Border of Lip

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35
Q

Vermillion Border of Lip: Represents change in the ____
from highly keratinized external skin to
less keratinized internal skin

A

epidermis

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36
Q

Epidermis is ____ on lip, so the blood
vessels are closer to the surface giving the
lip a reddish-pink to brown color
(depending on skin tone)

A

thinner

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37
Q

T/F–Vermillion Border of Lip: No sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or
facial hair

A

True

38
Q

Superficial Capillary Beds–Small arteries (arterioles) within the
dermis can:
* ____ to fill superficial capillary beds to
radiate heat (skin appears red)

A

Dilate

39
Q

Superficial Capillary Beds–Small arteries (arterioles) within the
dermis can:

____ to radiate heat

A

dilate

(skin appears red)

40
Q

Superficial Capillary Beds–Small arteries (arterioles) within the
dermis can: constrict to minimize surface heat loss. How does this affect appearance?

A

skin, especially lips and fingertips, appears blue

41
Q

Modified Apocrine sweat glands that produce milk to
nourish offspring

A

Mammary Glands

42
Q

Hair: In cross-section, round hairs will grow
____ and oval hairs will be

A

straighter. curly.

43
Q

Hair: Color is dependent on amount of ____ in
hardened hair cells

A

melanin

44
Q

Finger and toenails
* Function: protect digits and contribute to
____ sensation

A

tactile

45
Q

____ is the hard, keratinized structure
made from onychocytes, organized in a
lamellar pattern

A

Nail plate

46
Q

Nail plate is made from _____, organized in a
lamellar pattern

A

onychocytes

(These cells are a type of epithelial cell that has undergone keratinization, a process where they produce large amounts of keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that gives nails their strength and resilience)

Onychocytes are the specialized keratinocytes

47
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis) also called ___

A

superficial fascia

48
Q

Located between the dermis (overlying
skin) and deep fascia

A

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)

49
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)– composed mostly of ____ CT and stored fat

A

Loose

50
Q

T/F: Subcutaneous Tissue contains sweat glands, superficial
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
cutaneous nerves

A

True

51
Q

____ branches from cutaneous
nerves and superficial vessels reach the
skin (specifically dermis)

A

Terminal

52
Q

T/F: Cutaneous nerves are both sensory
and motor

A

True

53
Q

Vessels with smooth muscle in walls, arrector
muscles, and sweat glands all require ___
innervation to function

A

motor

54
Q

Motor fibers are part of the ____ nervous
system

A

sympathetic

55
Q

The thickness of subcutaneous tissue varies
greatly, depending on ___

A

the person’s nutritional
state

56
Q

Distribution of ____ tissues varies
considerably in different sites in the same
individual

A

subcutaneous

57
Q

T/F: Distribution of subcutaneous tissue and fat
varies between the sexes

A

True (females–breasts and thighs, men–lower abdominal wall)

58
Q

Participates in thermoregulation
* Insulation to retain body heat in core
* Padding to protect skin from compression by bony prominences (e.g. in buttocks,
bottom of foot)
* Store energy in form of adipose tissue

A

subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

59
Q

subcutaneous tissue stores energy in the form of:

A

adipose tissue

60
Q

____ determine the mobility of the skin
over deep structures

A

skin ligaments

61
Q

Skin Ligaments: Numerous small fibrous bands extend
through the ___ tissue and
attach the deep surface of the dermis
to the underlying deep fascia

A

subcutaneous

62
Q

Longer and sparse skin ligaments = ___ skin mobility

A

more

63
Q

Another word for “Deep Fascia”

A

epimysium

64
Q

Dense, organized connective tissue
layer, devoid of fat, that covers
most of the body parallel to (deep
to) the skin and subcutaneous
tissue

A

Deep fascia

65
Q

Deep fascia is Dense, organized connective tissue
layer, devoid of ___

A

fat

66
Q

Extensions from its internal surface
invest deeper structures, such an
individual muscles and neurovascular
bundles, as investing fascia

A

Deep fascia

67
Q

Deep fascia: Thickness varies widely and, in the ____,
distinct layers of deep fascia are absent

A

face

68
Q

Groups of muscles with similar
functions (usually sharing nerve
supply) are in fascial compartments
that are separated by thick sheets of
deep fascia, called ____

A

intermuscular
septa

69
Q

Groups of muscles with similar
functions (usually sharing nerve
supply) are in _____

A

fascial compartments

70
Q

Burns: caused by thermal trauma, ultraviolet or
ionizing radiation, or chemical agents. Burns are
classified, in increasing order of severity, based on
the ___ of skin injury and the need for surgical
intervention.

A

depth

71
Q

intermuscular septa extend from surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to ____

A

bones

(these compartments can contain or spread an infection of tumor)

72
Q

damage limited to
epidermis

A

superficial burn

73
Q

epidermis and superficial
dermis are damaged with blistering or loss of those
layers
* Nerve endings are damaged, making this variety the most painful
* Sweat glands and hair follicles are typically not entirely damaged

A

Partial-thickness burn

74
Q

entire thickness of skin is
damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue
* Skin grafting is normally needed for healing
* Burned area is numb since sensory endings are destroyed

A

full-thickness burn

75
Q

_______ burn – damage extends through entire
thickness of skin into underlying fascia, muscles, or
bone

A

Fourth-degree burn

76
Q

Burns are considered severe if they cover
__or more of the total body surface area
(excluding superficial burns)

A

20%

77
Q

Burns can be complicated by trauma or inhalation
injury, or being caused by chemicals or ___

A

high-
voltage electricity

78
Q

Burns–Risk of death increases if:
* Older than 60 years old
* Partial-thickness or full-thickness burns of over
40% of body surface area
* Presence of ____ injury

A

inhalation injury

79
Q

A chronic, noncontagious, auto-immune skin
condition that causes a rash with itchy, scaly
patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows,
trunk, and scalp

A

Psoriasis

80
Q

Segmented Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each associated
with a pair of ___ (8 cervical, 12
thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)

A

somites

81
Q

___ dermamyotomes give rise to all the
intrinsic (deep) back muscles, as well as
dermis that covers them.

A

Epaxial

82
Q

____ ramus of spinal nerve supplies
motor and sensory innervation to epaxial

A

Posterior/dorsal

83
Q

____ dermamyotomes give rise to all the
other skeletal muscles and dermis below the
neck, including the limbs

A

Hypaxial

84
Q

= areas of skin mainly supplied by a single
spinal nerve

A

Dermatomes

85
Q

Dermatomes: Each of these nerves relays ___
from a particular region of the skin to the brain

A

sensation (including pain)

86
Q

A pinched spinal nerve can cause a ___ loss of
sensation (would also be accompanied by a motor deficit)

A

dermatomal

87
Q

Majority of anterior rami merge
with one or more adjacent anterior
rami to form the major ____

A

somatic
nerve plexuses

88
Q

Therefore, most _____ nerves
arising from the plexus contain fibers
from multiple spinal nerves

A

peripheral

89
Q

Named nerves may be comprised of
more than one spinal nerve and
thus will span more than one
____

A

dermatome

90
Q

T/F: Skin on the anterior and posterior trunk
have dermatome and peripheral nerve
distribution that often match each other

A

True (spinal nerves do not join a plexus)

91
Q

T/F: Dermatomes and peripheral cutaneous
nerve distribution match each
other in the limbs and neck

A

False–do not match

92
Q

Individual peripheral nerves are often
composed of multiple nerve roots levels,
so the ___ of a peripheral
sensory nerve crosses over different
dermatomes

A

receptive field

93
Q

T/F: Although segmental nerves merge and
lose their identify when plexus formation
results in multisegmental peripheral
nerves, the segmental (dermatomal)
pattern of nerve fiber distribution
remains

A

True

Anatomy Test 3 (9 decks)

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