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Anatomy Test 3 > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

region of body between
neck and abdomen (aka the chest

A

thorax

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2
Q

The thorax contains the heart and the lungs
* Other major structures found in the
thorax include the ____ and
the aorta (through the thoracic
portion of descending aorta)

A

esophagus

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3
Q

Thoracic cavity and its walls have the
shape of a ___

A

truncated cone

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4
Q

T/F the walls of the thoracic cavity are thick

A

F; relatively thin

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5
Q

Thoracic cavity has a _____ superior opening (superior
thoracic aperture) and a ____ inferior
opening (inferior thoracic aperture)

A

Narrow. larger.

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6
Q

Narrow superior opening of the thorax

A

superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

The muscular thoracic diaphragm
covers the ____,
creating a floor to the thoracic cavity

A

inferior thoracic aperture

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8
Q

Floor to the thorax

A

muscular thoracic diaphragm

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9
Q

Central compartment of the thorax
– houses the thoracic viscera except
for the lungs

A

mediastinum

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10
Q

Right and left pulmonary/pleural
cavities – house the ___

A

lungs

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11
Q

Functions of the thorax: protection of thoracic and ___ organs

A

abdominal

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12
Q

Functions of the thorax: Resistance against the ______ generated by the elastic recoil
of the lungs and inspiratory movements

A

negative internal pressures

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13
Q

negative internal pressures in thorax generated by the elastic recoil of the lungs and ___ movements

A

inspiratory

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14
Q

Attachment and supportive of the upper limbs
* Origin for groups of muscles of the upper limb, abdomen, back neck, and head

A

thorax

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15
Q

Functions of thorax: Muscles for breathing: ___ and diaphragm

A

intercostals

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16
Q

costal=
chondral=
osseous=

A

rib, cartilage, bone

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17
Q

Thoracic skeleton includes:

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs and associated costal cartilages
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral (IV) discs
    interposed between them
  • Sternum
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18
Q

Three types of ribs defined by how they articulate with
the sternum anteriorly:

A

true (1-7) false (8-10) floating (11-12)

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19
Q

ribs attaching directly to sternum through
their own costal cartilages

A

True Ribs (1-7)

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20
Q

attach to the cartilage of ribs
superior to them (indirect attachment)

A

False ribs (ribs 8-10) -

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21
Q

do not contact the sternum,
instead ending in the posterior abdominal musculature

A
  • Floating ribs (ribs 11-12) –
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22
Q
  • All ribs articulate posteriorly with ____
A

thoracic vertebrae

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23
Q

Atypical rib numbers

A

1, 2, 10, 12

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24
Q

The joining of the costal cartilages of
false ribs (8,9,10) form a
continuous, articulated, cartilaginous
____

A

costal margin

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25
Q

The infrasternal angle (subcostal
angle) is formed by the left and right
costal margins at the ___

A

xiphisternal joint

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26
Q

The _____ is formed by the left and right
costal margins at the xiphisternal joint

A

infrasternal angle (subcostal
angle)

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27
Q

_____ separate the ribs
and their costal cartilages from one
another

A

intercostal spaces

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28
Q

Intercostal spaces are named according to rib ___ them

A

above

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29
Q

Below rib 12 is called the ____
space

A

subcostal

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30
Q

trachea, esophagus,
nerves, and vessels that supply and drain the
head, neck, and upper limbs pass through the:

A

Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic
outlet/inlet)

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31
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture is closed by the
_____

A

diaphragm

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32
Q

Structures passing in
or out of thorax must pass through the
_____ or behind it

A

diaphragm

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33
Q

Structures passing through/behind diaphragm:

A

aorta, esophagus, inferior vena cava

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34
Q

(Rib) Connects the head with the body at the level of the
tubercle

A

neck

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35
Q

Most curved region of body where rib turns anterolaterally

A

Angle of rib

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36
Q

(rib) Location of intercostal vessels and nerve (same
number as intercostal space)

A

costal groove

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37
Q

rib end attached to costal cartilage

A

sternal end

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38
Q

The weakest part of a rib is ___ to its angle

A

anterior

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39
Q

articulation of head of rib
with the inferior and superior costal facets on
bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae

A

Costovertebral joint

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40
Q

articulation of tubercle
with costal facet of transverse process of
vertebrae of same number

A

costotransverse joint

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41
Q

–1st rib articulates with ____ only
–Ribs 11 and 12 only articulate with T11
and T12, respectively, but do not
articulate at costotransverse joint

A

T1

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42
Q

Upper ribs (1-7) rotate at the costotransverse joints
*–Results in _____movements of sternal ends of these ribs and sternum in
the ______ plane (pendulum movement)

A

elevation and depression. sagittal

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43
Q

Lower ribs (8-10) glide at the costotransverse joints
* Results in elevation and depression of ___ most portions of these ribs in the ____ plane (bucket-handle movement

A

lateral. transverse

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44
Q

Ribs ___ do not articulate with transverse processes

A

11 and 12

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45
Q

Ribs that are found outside of the thoracic region

A

Supernumerary Ribs

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46
Q

What is a potential consequence of Supernumerary Ribs?

A

Can lead to compression of neurovascular structures entering the superior
thoracic aperture

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47
Q

Supernumerary ribs in the lower cervical
region can cause irritation or injury to the
vessels and nerves supplying the shoulder and
upper limb CALLED

A

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

48
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome can be caused by trauma, repetitive injuries, and ____

A

pregnancy

49
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome–Vulnerable structures: ____,
subclavian artery and vein

A

brachial plexus

50
Q

______ occurs when blood vessels or nerves are compressed by the collar bone or muscles, leading to pain and numbness in upper back, neck, shoulder, arm, and hand

A

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

51
Q

Parts of Sternum:

A

manubrium, body, sternal angle, xiphoid process

52
Q

Manubrium: medial portion of superior border =

A

jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

53
Q

Manubrium: lateral portion of superior border on each side

A

Clavicular notch (forming the sternoclavicular joints)

54
Q

Manubrium: Lateral Border= notch for ___

A

1st costal cartilage

55
Q

Body of the sternum acts as notches for __

A

costal cartilages

56
Q

Sternal Angle is at this joint

A

manubriosternal joint

57
Q

Xiphoid process is completely ossified by age ____ and is an important midline marker for the sternum

A

40 years old

58
Q

Thoracic Wall joints: rib to costal
cartilage

A

Costochondral Joints

59
Q

Costochondral Joints: Primarily ______ joints and
they usually do not experience movement

A

cartilaginous (hyaline)

60
Q

T/F Costochondral Joints experience extensive movement

A

false

61
Q

Thoracic Wall Joints: between
adjacent costal cartilage

A

Interchondral Joints

62
Q

Interchondral Joints: Some are plane _____ joints (between
costal cartilages 6-9)

A

plane synovial joints

63
Q

Interchondral Joints: Some are fibrous (between cartilages ____)

A

9-10

64
Q

Thoracic Wall Joints: sternum to
costal cartilage

A

Sternocostal Joints

65
Q

Sternocostal Joints: 1st joint is ____
* Joints 2-7 are synovial plane joints

A

cartilaginous

66
Q

Sternocostal Joints: Joints 2-7 are ____ joints

A

synovial plane joints (movement!)

67
Q

Location of costochondritis (inflammation of
________ –> sharp pain and
tenderness)

A

Sternocostal Joints

68
Q

inflammation of
sternocostal joints –> sharp pain and
tenderness (What is this called?)

A

costochondritis

69
Q

Mechanic of breathing: When the upper ribs are _____, the
anterior-posterior (AP) dimension of the
thorax increases. There is a greater
increase at the ____ end of sternum

A

elevated; inferior

70
Q

The middle parts of the lower ribs move
_____when they are elevated,
increasing the ____ dimension

A

laterally; transverse

71
Q

Combined movement during forced
____increases the AP and
transverse dimensions of thoracic rib
cage (C

A

inspiration

72
Q

External Intercostals function in INSPIRTAIN

A

elevate ribs (thus increasing width of thoracic cavity and aiding deep inspiration)

73
Q

Increase volume, decrease pressure:
air comes in with ____ (Boyle’s
Law

A

less effort

74
Q

_____ muscles: Occupy the intercostal spaces and function
during respiration to move ribs and keep intercostal
spaces rigid

A

Intercostal Muscles

75
Q

Run infero-anteriorly from the rib above to the
rib below (”hands in pockets”)

A

External Intercostal Muscles

76
Q

External Intercostal Muscles: Most active during ____ to elevate ribs

A

inspiration

77
Q

Attach superiorly to the inferior border of the
rib above and inferiorly to the superior border
of the rib below

A

External Intercostal Muscles

78
Q

Run inferoposteriorly from the rib above to the
rib below (“hands toward mouth”)

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles

79
Q

Attach superiorly to the inferior border of the
rib above and inferiorly to the superior border
of the rib below

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles

80
Q

Internal Intercostal Muscles: Most active during ______ to depress the
ribs, especially interosseous portion
* Interchondral part can elevate ribs

A

expiration

81
Q

Intercostal neurovascular bundle runs
in between the ____ and innermost
intercostal muscles

A

internal

82
Q

Arrangement of neurovascular bundle in costal groove

A

Vein, Artery, Nerve (VAN) from superior to
inferior in costal groove

83
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles: Same fiber direction as _______
muscles
* Likely same actions as well

A

internal intercostal muscles

84
Q

–muscle functioning to depress ribs
–Attaches inferiorly on the posterior sternum and superiorly
on costal cartilages 2-6

A

Transversus Thoracis

85
Q

Scalene Muscles action in INSPIRATION

A

elevate and fix upper (2) ribs

86
Q

muscles of inspiration _____ the ribs

A

elevate

87
Q

Principle muscle involved in respiration

A

diaphragm

88
Q

Thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates
the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm

89
Q

Is dome shaped (convex superiorly) and consists of
a peripheral muscular part, which arises from the
lateral walls of the thorax (sternal, costal, lumbar) &
a central tendon

A

diaphragm

90
Q

Central tendon of the diaphragm is intertwined with _____
around heart and descends during inspiration (or
contraction of diaphragm)

A

pericardium

91
Q

During inhalation the diaphragm ____

A

contracts (moves down/descends)

92
Q

___pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
supply the thoracic wall

A

12

93
Q

Intercostal Nerves: After passing through intervertebral
foramina, the ____ spinal nerves
divide into anterior and posterior rami

A

mixed

94
Q

The ____rami of nerves T1-T11
form the intercostal nerves that run
along extent of intercostal spaces

A

anterior

95
Q

Anterior ramus of nerve T12 is called the
___ (runs below 12 th rib

A

subcostal nerve

96
Q

The _____ rami of thoracic spinal
nerves pass posteriorly to supply the
joints, deep back muscles, and skin of
the back in the thoracic region

A

posterior

97
Q

area of the skin
supplied by the posterior and
anterior ramus of each pair of
thoracic spinal nerves

A

Dermatome

98
Q

group of muscles
supplied by the posterior and
anterior ramus of each pair of
thoracic spinal nerves

A

Myotome =

99
Q

(Thoracic Dermatomes and Myotomes) T1 and T2 supply ___

A

upper limb

100
Q

(Thoracic Dermatomes and Myotomes) T2-T12 supply ____

A

trunk

101
Q

What supplies the intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior intercostal Arteries

102
Q

Internal thoracic aa. (spaces ___) and musculophrenic aa. (spaces ___) are the
source of anterior intercostal aa

A

1-6; 7-9

103
Q

____ and _____ are the
source of anterior intercostal aa

A

Internal thoracic aa. (spaces 1-6) and musculophrenic aa. (spaces 7-9)

104
Q

____ aa. (spaces 1-2) and ____ (spaces 3-11) are the
source of all posterior intercostal aa.

A

Supreme intercostal arteries; thoracic aorta

105
Q

Spaces 10 and 11 are only supplied by ___

A

posterior intercostal aa

106
Q

___ is also source of subcostal a. (below 12 th rib)

A

Thoracic aorta

107
Q

Most of the posterior intercostal veins
return blood to the ____ on the
right and the ____veins on the left

A

azygos vein. hemiazygos/accessory
hemiazygos .

108
Q

Azygos system of veins drains into the
___

A

superior vena cava

109
Q

Left superior intercostal drains into the ___

A

left subclavian vein

110
Q

Superior intercostal veins = posterior
intercostal veins of the 2nd and 3rd intercostal
spaces that unite to form a ___

A

trunk

111
Q

Function of Interchondral parts of Internal Intercostals during INSPIRATION

A

elevate ribs and aid external intercostals with deep inspiration

112
Q

function of respiratory diaphragm during INSPIRATION

A

domes decend, thus increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; also elevates the lower ribs

113
Q

Expiration results from ____ of lungs and rib cage

A

passive recoil

114
Q

Internal intercostal muscles (except for interchondral part) aid in ______

A

forced expiration

115
Q

During exhalation: diaphragm ______

A

relaxes (moves up) [decrease volume–> air out]

116
Q

Name the origins of these arteries:
1) Internal Thoracic
2) Subcostal

A

1) Subclavian
2) Thoracic

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