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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Variation and Genetics > Flashcards

Variation and Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What do genes control

A

Characteristics

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2
Q

What are versions of genes called?

A

Alleles

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3
Q

If both the alleles have the same for a particular gene, what is this called?

A

Homozygous

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4
Q

If both the alleles are different for a particular gene, what is this called?

A

Hetrozygous

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5
Q

If the 2 alleles for a particular gene are the same (Aa), which one determines the characteristic developed?

A

The dominant one (Capital letter)

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6
Q

For an organism to express its recessive characteristic, what must be true about both alleles?

A

They must both be recessive (aa)

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7
Q

For an organism to express its dominant characteristic, what must be true about both alleles?

A

There must be at least 1 dominant allele, but could be true (Aa or AA)

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8
Q

What is your genotype?

A

Which alleles you have

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9
Q

What is your phenotype?

A

Which characteristics you have

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of variation?

A

Genetic and environmental

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11
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

Different genes

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12
Q

What is an organism’s characteristics determined by?

A

The genes inherited from their parents

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13
Q

What are characteristics of an organism influenced by?

A

The environment e.g hot or cold

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14
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long strand of DNA

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15
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA

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16
Q

What does a gene do?

A

Codes for a particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein

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17
Q

How many amino acids are used in a gene?

A

20

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18
Q

What are the 4 bases?

A

A T C G

19
Q

What does the order of bases in a gene determine?

A

The order of amino acids in that protein

20
Q

What chromosomes do men have?

A

XY

21
Q

What chromosomes do women have?

A

XX

22
Q

What is your genotype?

A

Which alleles you have

23
Q

What is your phenotype?

A

Which genes you have

24
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Recessive allele

25
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder of the cell membranes. A lot of mucus is produced in air passages and pancreas

26
Q

What is polydactyly caused by?

A

Dominant allele

27
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

When someone is born with extra fingers or toes

28
Q

What is sickle-cell anaemia caused by?

A

Recessive allele

29
Q

What is sickle-cell anaemia?

A

When RBCs get stuck in capillaries which deprives the body of oxygen

30
Q

How does embryonic screening work?

A

DNA is isolated, then a gene probe is labelled and is put into the DNA mix and will bind to a specific allele. When a UV lamp is shone, the probe can be seen.

31
Q

When doing embryonic screening, how do you know if the genetic disorder is present?

A

The probe will have stuck

32
Q

What is a genetic probe?

A

A short section of DNA which will bind to the allele for the disorder

33
Q

What are some reasons for embryonic screening?

A

Stop suffering
Treating disorders costs the Gov a lot of money
Laws stop it from going too far

34
Q

What are some reasons against embryonic screening?

A

Implies people with genetic problems are undesirable
Expensive
May come a point where everyone will want “designer babies”

35
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of a male and female gamete. Because there are 2 parents, the offspring contains a mixture of their parents genes

36
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

No fusion of gametes or mixing of chromosomes -> No genetic variation. The offspring are clones

37
Q

Name some examples of organisms which reproduce asexually

A

Plants, bacteria and some animals

38
Q

Describe the process for adult cell cloning

A

Taking an unfertilised egg cell and removing the nucleus. A diploid cell from another adult body is inserted into the egg cell. An electric shock then causes the cell to undergo division. Then implanted into a surrogate mother

39
Q

What are some disadvantages to cloning?

A

If a disease comes around, whole population is dead
Study into age-related disorders
Some people worry humans may be cloned

40
Q

What do the enzymes do in GE?

A

Cut and paste genes

41
Q

Describe the process of GE and producing insulin

A

Insulin gene gut out and put into a plasmid. The bacteria then reproduce like crazy

42
Q

What are some disadvantages to GM crops?

A

Affect biodiversity, unsure whether it is safe, transplanted genes may get out into the natural environment

43
Q

What are some advantages to GM crops?

A

Increase yield of the crop
GM crops could be engineered to give nutrients which people lack
Already being grown with no problems

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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