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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Cells and Processes > Flashcards

Cells and Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a nucleus in a plant or animal cell?

A

Contains genetic material that controls activities of the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of a cytoplasm in a plant or animal cell?

A

A substance where most of the chemical reactions take place in the cell. Enzymes control these reactions

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3
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane in a plant or animal cell?

A

Holds cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the function of a mitochondria in a plant or animal cell?

A

Where most of the reactions for respiration take place

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in a plant or animal cell?

A

Where the proteins are made in the cell

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6
Q

What else do plant cells contain which animals do not have?

A

Rigid cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

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7
Q

What is the role of a rigid cell wall in a plant cell and what is it made out of?

A

Cellulose. Supports and strengthens cell

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8
Q

What does a permanent vacuole contain in a plant cell?

A

Cell sap –> weak solution of sugar and salts

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9
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts in a plant cell and what are they made out of?

A

Chlorophyll. Absorb the light energy during photosynthesis

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10
Q

What type of organism is a yeast organism and what is it made out of?

A

Microorganism. Made up of a nucleus, cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm

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11
Q

What type of organism is a bacteria and what is it made out of?

A

Microorganism. Contains a cytoplasm, cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall

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12
Q

If a bacteria cell doesn’t have a nucleus, what happens to their genetic material instead?

A

Floats around in the cytoplasm. Some of the genes are found in plasmids

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13
Q

How are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?

A
  • Packed with chloroplasts. More are crammed in top
  • High SA to absorb more CO2
  • Thin shape –> have lots in a leaf
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14
Q

How are guard cells adapted to open and close pores?

A
  • Special kidney shape
  • Thin outer walls and thick inner walls
  • Sensitive to light –> close at night
  • More stomata on underside of leaf
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15
Q

What happens to guard cells when they have too much water?

A

Go plump and turgid –> Makes cell open and allow gas exchange

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16
Q

What happens to guard cells when they have too little water?

A

Become flaccid –> Makes cell close which reduces amount of water vapour lost

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17
Q

How are RBC adapted to carry oxygen?

A
  • High SA for absorption
  • Packed with haemoglobin
  • No nucleus –> allows more haemoglobin
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18
Q

What is the main function of an egg cell?

A

Carry female DNA and nourish developing embryo –> Contains a lot of food reserves

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19
Q

What happens when a sperm fuses with an egg cell?

A

Membrane instantly changes -> stops more sperm getting in. Allows for right amount of DNA for offspring

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20
Q

What is the main function of a sperm cell?

A

Carry male DNA to female DNA. Has long tail and streamlined head. Lots of mitochondria for energy

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21
Q

What are large multicellular organisms made up of?

A

Organ Systems

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22
Q

What is the process called which cells become specialised?

A

Differentiation

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23
Q

When does the differentiation of cells take place?

A

The development of a multicellular organism

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24
Q

What do specialised cells form? (3 stages)

A

Tissues –> organ –> organ systems

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25
Q

What is the role of a large multicellular organism?

A

Exchanging and transporting materials

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26
Q

What are similar cells organised into?

A

Tissues

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27
Q

What is the function of a muscular tissue?

A

Contracts –> Moves whatever is attached to it

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28
Q

What is the function of a glandular tissue?

A

Makes and secretes chemicals

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29
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers some parts of the body

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30
Q

What is the role of the glands?

A

Produces digestive juices

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31
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Produces bile

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32
Q

What is the role of the SI

A

Absorbs soluble food molecules

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33
Q

What is the role of the LI?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food leaving faeces

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34
Q

Are plant cells organised into tissues and organs?

A

Yes

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35
Q

What is the role of epidermal tissue in a plant?

A

Covers the whole plant

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36
Q

What is the role of the palisade mesophyll tissue in a plant?

A

Part of the leaf where most of the photosynthesis happens

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37
Q

What is the role of the spongy mesophyll tissue in a plant?

A

In leaf and contains big air spaces. Allows gases to diffuse in and out of cells

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38
Q

What is the role of the xylem and phloem in a plant?

A

They transport water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant

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39
Q

Name the internal structure of the leaf from top to bottom

A

Waxy cuticle -> epidermal tissue -> palisade mesophyll tissue -> spongy mesophyll tissue (with xylem and phloem in the row) -> epidermal tissue (with stomata and guard cell)

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40
Q

In the root cross section, where is the xylem and why?

A

Goes through the centre to add strength as the root pushes through the soil

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41
Q

In the stem cross section, where is the xylem and phloem and why?

A

Xylem forms scaffolding to prevent bending. Phloem is on the outside of cell

42
Q

Do particles diffuse from a low to high or high to low concentration gradient?

A

High to low

43
Q

Define diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

44
Q

Does diffusion happen in solutions or gases

A

Both

45
Q

What happens to the diffusion rate if there is a higher difference in concentration?

A

Faster diffusion rate

46
Q

What size molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane and name an example

A

Small, oxygen, glucose, amino acids

47
Q

Can particles diffuse both ways?

A

Yes

48
Q

Define osomis

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high to low concentration

49
Q

Can water molecules pass both ways in the concentration gradient?

A

Yes

50
Q

What do you call an area of high water concentration?

A

Dilute solution

51
Q

If the water concentration in the tissue fluid is higher than the cell fluid, what is the tissue fluid called and which way does water move?

A

Hypotic solution, water moves into the cell

52
Q

If the water concentration in the tissue fluid is lower than the cell fluid, what is the tissue fluid called and which way does water move?

A

Hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell

53
Q

If the water concentration in the tissue fluid is the same as the cell fluid, what is the tissue fluid called and which way does water move?

A

Isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water

54
Q

What happens to the plant cells when they are well watered?

A

Become turgid. Contents of cell push against inelastic cell wall

55
Q

What is the purpose of turgor pressure?

A

Helps support plant tissues

56
Q

What happens to the plant cells when they are not well watered?

A

Become flaccid -> Lose turgor pressure and plant starts to wilt

57
Q

What happens to the plants cells if there is a drought and what is this called?

A

Cytoplasm shrinks, membrane pills away from cell wall. Knows as plasmolysis

58
Q

What is one way you can investigate diffusion?

A

Using agar jelly

59
Q

Name 2 ways which you can investigate osmosis experiments

A

Using potato cylinders and visking tubing

60
Q

What are root hairs specialised in?

A

Absorbing water and minerals

61
Q

How do root hairs help the plant?

A

Give a large SA for absorption

62
Q

How do root hairs take in minerals?

A

Active transport

63
Q

What concentration gradient does active transport need to work?

A

Low to high

64
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Yes

65
Q

Name an example where active transport is used in the blood

A

Low concentration of nutrients in the gut, high concentration of nutrients in the blood

66
Q

Do smaller organisms have a higher or lower SA:V ratio compared to larger organisms?

A

Higher

67
Q

Why is diffusion quicker in single celled organisms compared to multicellular organisms?

A
  • Substances travel a shorter distance

- Have a large SA:V ratio

68
Q

Why is diffusion across outer membranes in more complex organisms too slow?

A
  • Substances have to travel a longer distance

- Lower SA:V ratio

69
Q

What do multicellular organisms use instead of diffusion?

A

Specialised exchange organs -> have specialised exchange surfaces

70
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to be more effective?

A
  • Thin -> Short distance to travel
  • Large SA
  • Lots of blood vessels
  • Gas exchange surfaces are ventilated
71
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

In the millions of alveoli

72
Q

How are the alveoli specialised to maximise diffusion?

A
  • V high surface area
  • Moist lining for dissolving gases
  • Very thin walls and good blood supply
73
Q

How do villi help the SI?

A
  • Large SA with single layer of surface cells

- Very good blood supply -> Quick absorption

74
Q

What are contained in chromosomes?

A

Genes -> Control development of characteristics

75
Q

What are different versions of the same gene called?

A

Alleles

76
Q

Define mitosis

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form 2 identical offspring

77
Q

Mitosis: What happens to the cell at first when it gets the signal to divide?

A

Duplicates DNA

78
Q

Mitosis: What happens to the duplicated DNA in the cell?

A

Lines up at the centre (horizontal) and then pulls apart

79
Q

Mitosis: What happens after the cell has divided?

A

Membranes form around sets of chromosomes -> Become nuclei

80
Q

Mitosis: What is the final stage after the cells have divided and now have a cell membrane around them?

A

Cytoplasm divded giving 2 identical copies of each cell

81
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

82
Q

Are gametes diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

83
Q

Define meiosis

A

Produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid)

84
Q

Meiosis: What happens at first when the cell gets the signal to divide?

A

Duplicates DNA

85
Q

Meiosis: What happens to the DNA after the first division?

A

Chromosome pairs line up in the centre (vertical)

86
Q

Meiosis: What happens after the DNA is lined up at the centre?

A

The pairs are pulled apart

87
Q

Meiosis: What happens after the first division?

A

The chromosomes line up again at the centre (vertically) and are pulled apart again -> 4 gametes with a single set of chromosomes in

88
Q

What happens after 2 gametes fuse?

A

New cell divides repeatedly by mitosis to form many cells.

89
Q

What happens to the cells after they divide by mitosis in sexual reproduction?

A

Cells differentiate forming different kinds of specialised cells

90
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

91
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

92
Q

What are good about stem cells in terms of medicine?

A

Can have the potential to cure many diseases

93
Q

Where can stem cells be found in adults?

A

Bone marrow

94
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A
  • Embryos are potential human life
95
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Body cells dividing out of control

96
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • Tumour grows until there is no more room
  • Cells stay where they are
  • Not normally dangerous
97
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A
  • Tumour grows and can spread into bloodstream to other parts of body -> Forms more tumours
  • Dangerous
98
Q

What chemicals can cause cancer?

A

Carcinogens e.g tobacco smoke. Chemicals interfere with normal cell functions making them divide uncontrollably

99
Q

What ionising radiation can cause cancer?

A

UV light and X-Rays

100
Q

How does ionising radiation cause cancer?

A
  • Breaks down molecules into ions -> Interfere with normal cell functions, cell divides abnormally producing a tumour

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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