Breathing and Circulation

Question 1

Why do you breathe more quickly when doing exercise?

Answer 1

To meet the demand for more extra oxygen, and for more carbon dioxide to be removed

Question 2

What happens to the glycogen when you are undergoing exercise

Answer 2

Glycogen is converted back to glucose

Question 3

When is anaerobic respiration used?

Answer 3

When there is not enough oxygen

Question 4

State the equation for anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy

Question 5

What are the disadvantages for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 5

Produces lactic acid - painful, doesn’t release as much energy as aerobic respiration

Question 6

What is the advantage for aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

You can work your muscles for longer

Question 7

How does your body repay the oxygen debt made from anaerobic respiration?

Answer 7

Breathing heavily for longer, thirst for water

Question 8

How does your body remove the lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration?

Answer 8

Blood oxidises the lactic acid which turns into CO2 and water.

Question 9

Where are the lungs located?

Answer 9

In the thorax

Question 10

Which part of the body is the thorax?

Answer 10

The top part (separated from the lower part by abs)

Question 11

Describe the path air takes when entering your body

Answer 11

Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

Question 12

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Answer 12

Very good blood supply, moist lining, large blood supply, large SA

Question 13

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe in

Answer 13

Intercostal muscles contract pulling rib cage up
Diaphragm contracts flattening out
Thorax volume increases
Pressure decreases (Now lower than pressure outside which draws air in)

Question 14

Describe what happens to your body when you breathe out

Answer 14

Intercostal muscles relax which moves ribcage down
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed again
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure increases which makes air leave the lungs

Question 15

What are the 2 types of ventilator?

Answer 15

Positive and negative pressure ventilators

Question 16

How does a negative pressure ventilator work?

Answer 16

Air is pumped out of the case which lowers the pressure around the chest
Lungs expand which draws air into them
Air is then pumped into the case producing the opposite effect - air leaves the lungs

Question 17

How does a positive pressure ventilator work?

Answer 17

Air is pumped into the lungs which expands the ribcage

When air stops pumping the ribcage relaxes which pushes air out of the lungs

Question 18

What is respiration?

Answer 18

The process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose

Question 19

Where does respiration go in your body?

Answer 19

Into every cell

Question 20

Where do most of the reactions for anaerobic respiration occur in your body?

Answer 20

In the mitochondria

Question 21

State the symbol and word equation for anaerobic respiration

Answer 21

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) → 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + Energy
(numbers in brackets are indices below the line)

Question 22

Name examples where you can use the energy released by respiration

Answer 22

Build up larger molecules from smaller ones
Allow muscles to contract
Keep body temperature constant
Build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids

Question 23

What is the circulatory system made of?

Answer 23

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Question 24

What does the first circulatory system do?

Answer 24

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart

Question 25

What does the seconds circulatory system do?

Answer 25

Pumps oxygenated blood to all organs. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again

Question 26

What are the walls of the heart made of?

Answer 26

Muscle tissue

Question 27

Why does the heart have valves?

Answer 27

To prevent backflow

Question 28

Describe the flow of blood in the 4 chambers

Answer 28

Into 2 atria from vena cava and pulmonary vein Atria contract pushing blood into ventricles Ventricles contract -> pulmonary artery and aorta Flows through organs + arteries -> Returns via veins Repeat about 100,000 times a day

Question 29

Where are the pacemaker cells located in the heart?

Answer 29

Right atrium

Question 30

What do the pacemaker cells do in the heart?

Answer 30

Produce a small electric impulse causing the muscle cells to contract

Question 31

What are the 3 types of blood vessel?

Answer 31

Artery, vein, capillaries

Question 32

Where do arteries carry the blood?

Answer 32

Away from the heart

Question 33

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 33

Involved in the exchange of materials in the organs and tissues

Question 34

What is the function of veins?

Answer 34

Carry blood back to the heart

Question 35

How are arteries adapted to carry blood at high pressure?

Answer 35

Thick (compared to lumen) | Elastic (Layers of muscle with elastic fibres)

Question 36

When do arteries branch into capillaries?

Answer 36

In organs and muscles

Question 37

How are capillaries adapted to exchange materials?

Answer 37

Thin, permeable cell wall -> high diffusion rate Carry blood close to every cell involved with exchange Supply food and oxygen and takes away CO2 Small diffusion distance -> High rate of diffusion

Question 38

How are veins adapted to carry blood back to the heart?

Answer 38

Blood flows at a low pressure (Thin walls) Bigger lumen to help blood flow Have valves to prevent backflow

Question 39

How are RBCs adapted to carry oxygen?

Answer 39

High SA No nucleus Packed with haemoglobin

Question 40

What happens in the lungs with oxygen and haemoglobin?

Answer 40

Oxygen diffues from the alveoli into the blood | Haemoglobin in RBCs combine with oxygen -> Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 41

What happens in the body tissues with oxygen and haemoglobin?

Answer 41

Oxyhaemoglobin splits up into oxygen and haemoglobin. The oxygen releases diffuses into the cells

Question 42

How can WBCs defend against disease

Answer 42

Engulf pathogens Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins released Have a nucleus

Question 43

How do platelets help blood clot?

Answer 43

Fibrinogen changes into fibrin. These insoluble fibres tangle together to form a mesh trapping RBCs and platelets

Question 44

What does a plasma carry and name some examples

Answer 44

Everything -> RBC, WBC, Platelets, Glucose, Amino acids, CO2, Urea, Hormones, Antibodies, Antitoxins

Question 45

What are antigens?

Answer 45

Proteins on the surface of cells

Question 46

What happens when an antibody meets an a cell with the same antigen? e.g Antibody X meets and X antigen

Answer 46

Blood clots - Agglutination

Question 47

Is agglutination good or bad?

Answer 47

Very bad

Question 48

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group A

Answer 48

Antigen: A Antibodies: anti-B Can give blood to: A, AB Can get blood from: A, O

Question 49

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group B

Answer 49

Antigen: B Antibodies: anti-A Can give blood to: B, AB Can get blood from: B, O

Question 50

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group AB

Answer 50

Antigen: A, B Antibodies: None Can give blood to: AB Can get blood from: A,B,O

Question 51

Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group O

Answer 51

Antigen: None Antibodies: Anti-A, Anti-B Can give blood to A,B,O Can get blood from: O

Question 52

When could an organ be rejected in a transplant?

Answer 52

When the antigens are attacked by a patients immune system as the antigens are recognised as being foreign on the organ

Question 53

What precautions are taken to avoid organ rejection?

Answer 53

The donor's tissue type is very similar (Similar antigens) | The patients immune system is suppressed

Question 54

What are the main advantages of an artificial heart?

Answer 54

No chance of rejection as it's metal and plastic No waiting list Keeps patient alive until new heart is found

Question 55

What are the main disadvantages of an artificial heart?

Answer 55

Chance of bleeding and infection when fitted Not as good as natural hearts -> Parts could fail Patient has to take drugs to thin blood -> Excess bleeding if in a bad accident

Question 56

What are the types of artificial valves?

Answer 56

Biological and mechanical

Question 57

What can happen to damaged valves in the heart?

Answer 57

The valve tissue stiffens - Won't open properly | Valve becomes leaky - Blood flows both ways -> Dangerous and inefficient

Question 58

What are biological valves?

Answer 58

Valves taken from other mammals e.g Cows

Question 59

What are mechanical valves?

Answer 59

Valves made by man

Question 60

What do stents do?

Answer 60

Keep arteries open

Question 61

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 61

When the coronary arteries get blocked by fatty deposits. This narrows the arteries which restricts blood flow and this can cause a heart attack

Question 62

What do stents do inside a blocked artery?

Answer 62

Pushes the artery wall out squishing fatty deposits

Question 63

What are the advantages of stents?

Answer 63

Keep person alive, lowers risk of heart disease

Question 64

What are the disadvantages of stents?

Answer 64

Over time, arteries narrow as stents can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow Drugs are also needed to stop blood clotting