Breathing and Circulation Flashcards
Why do you breathe more quickly when doing exercise?
To meet the demand for more extra oxygen, and for more carbon dioxide to be removed
What happens to the glycogen when you are undergoing exercise
Glycogen is converted back to glucose
When is anaerobic respiration used?
When there is not enough oxygen
State the equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy
What are the disadvantages for anaerobic respiration?
Produces lactic acid - painful, doesn’t release as much energy as aerobic respiration
What is the advantage for aerobic respiration?
You can work your muscles for longer
How does your body repay the oxygen debt made from anaerobic respiration?
Breathing heavily for longer, thirst for water
How does your body remove the lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration?
Blood oxidises the lactic acid which turns into CO2 and water.
Where are the lungs located?
In the thorax
Which part of the body is the thorax?
The top part (separated from the lower part by abs)
Describe the path air takes when entering your body
Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
Very good blood supply, moist lining, large blood supply, large SA
Describe what happens to your body when you breathe in
Intercostal muscles contract pulling rib cage up
Diaphragm contracts flattening out
Thorax volume increases
Pressure decreases (Now lower than pressure outside which draws air in)
Describe what happens to your body when you breathe out
Intercostal muscles relax which moves ribcage down
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed again
Thorax volume decreases
Pressure increases which makes air leave the lungs
What are the 2 types of ventilator?
Positive and negative pressure ventilators
How does a negative pressure ventilator work?
Air is pumped out of the case which lowers the pressure around the chest
Lungs expand which draws air into them
Air is then pumped into the case producing the opposite effect - air leaves the lungs
How does a positive pressure ventilator work?
Air is pumped into the lungs which expands the ribcage
When air stops pumping the ribcage relaxes which pushes air out of the lungs
What is respiration?
The process of releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose
Where does respiration go in your body?
Into every cell
Where do most of the reactions for anaerobic respiration occur in your body?
In the mitochondria
State the symbol and word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) → 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + Energy
(numbers in brackets are indices below the line)
Name examples where you can use the energy released by respiration
Build up larger molecules from smaller ones
Allow muscles to contract
Keep body temperature constant
Build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids
What is the circulatory system made of?
Heart, blood vessels, blood
What does the first circulatory system do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. The blood then returns to the heart
What does the seconds circulatory system do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to all organs. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs again
What are the walls of the heart made of?
Muscle tissue
Why does the heart have valves?
To prevent backflow
Describe the flow of blood in the 4 chambers
Into 2 atria from vena cava and pulmonary vein
Atria contract pushing blood into ventricles
Ventricles contract -> pulmonary artery and aorta
Flows through organs + arteries -> Returns via veins
Repeat about 100,000 times a day
Where are the pacemaker cells located in the heart?
Right atrium
What do the pacemaker cells do in the heart?
Produce a small electric impulse causing the muscle cells to contract
What are the 3 types of blood vessel?
Artery, vein, capillaries
Where do arteries carry the blood?
Away from the heart
What is the function of capillaries?
Involved in the exchange of materials in the organs and tissues
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood back to the heart
How are arteries adapted to carry blood at high pressure?
Thick (compared to lumen)
Elastic (Layers of muscle with elastic fibres)
When do arteries branch into capillaries?
In organs and muscles
How are capillaries adapted to exchange materials?
Thin, permeable cell wall -> high diffusion rate
Carry blood close to every cell involved with exchange
Supply food and oxygen and takes away CO2
Small diffusion distance -> High rate of diffusion
How are veins adapted to carry blood back to the heart?
Blood flows at a low pressure (Thin walls)
Bigger lumen to help blood flow
Have valves to prevent backflow
How are RBCs adapted to carry oxygen?
High SA
No nucleus
Packed with haemoglobin
What happens in the lungs with oxygen and haemoglobin?
Oxygen diffues from the alveoli into the blood
Haemoglobin in RBCs combine with oxygen -> Oxyhaemoglobin
What happens in the body tissues with oxygen and haemoglobin?
Oxyhaemoglobin splits up into oxygen and haemoglobin. The oxygen releases diffuses into the cells
How can WBCs defend against disease
Engulf pathogens
Produce antibodies to fight microorganisms
Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins released
Have a nucleus
How do platelets help blood clot?
Fibrinogen changes into fibrin. These insoluble fibres tangle together to form a mesh trapping RBCs and platelets
What does a plasma carry and name some examples
Everything -> RBC, WBC, Platelets, Glucose, Amino acids, CO2, Urea, Hormones, Antibodies, Antitoxins
What are antigens?
Proteins on the surface of cells
What happens when an antibody meets an a cell with the same antigen? e.g Antibody X meets and X antigen
Blood clots - Agglutination
Is agglutination good or bad?
Very bad
Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group A
Antigen: A
Antibodies: anti-B
Can give blood to: A, AB
Can get blood from: A, O
Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group B
Antigen: B
Antibodies: anti-A
Can give blood to: B, AB
Can get blood from: B, O
Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group AB
Antigen: A, B
Antibodies: None
Can give blood to: AB
Can get blood from: A,B,O
Describe what antigens, antibodies, who can give blood, who can get blood for blood group O
Antigen: None
Antibodies: Anti-A, Anti-B
Can give blood to A,B,O
Can get blood from: O
When could an organ be rejected in a transplant?
When the antigens are attacked by a patients immune system as the antigens are recognised as being foreign on the organ
What precautions are taken to avoid organ rejection?
The donor’s tissue type is very similar (Similar antigens)
The patients immune system is suppressed
What are the main advantages of an artificial heart?
No chance of rejection as it’s metal and plastic
No waiting list
Keeps patient alive until new heart is found
What are the main disadvantages of an artificial heart?
Chance of bleeding and infection when fitted
Not as good as natural hearts -> Parts could fail
Patient has to take drugs to thin blood -> Excess bleeding if in a bad accident
What are the types of artificial valves?
Biological and mechanical
What can happen to damaged valves in the heart?
The valve tissue stiffens - Won’t open properly
Valve becomes leaky - Blood flows both ways -> Dangerous and inefficient
What are biological valves?
Valves taken from other mammals e.g Cows
What are mechanical valves?
Valves made by man
What do stents do?
Keep arteries open
What is coronary heart disease?
When the coronary arteries get blocked by fatty deposits. This narrows the arteries which restricts blood flow and this can cause a heart attack
What do stents do inside a blocked artery?
Pushes the artery wall out squishing fatty deposits
What are the advantages of stents?
Keep person alive, lowers risk of heart disease
What are the disadvantages of stents?
Over time, arteries narrow as stents can irritate the artery and make scar tissue grow
Drugs are also needed to stop blood clotting
