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YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY > Nerves and Homoeostasis > Flashcards

Nerves and Homoeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 sense organs?

A

Tongue, Nose, Ears, Eyes, Skin

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in environment

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3
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Something sensitive to a stimuli

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4
Q

How do receptors work?

A

They change stimulus energy into electrical impulses

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5
Q

Name examples of stimuli

A

Light, Sound, Touch, Pressure, Pain, Chemical

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6
Q

What receptors are in your eyes and what do they contain?

A

Light receptors - Have nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

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7
Q

What receptors are in your ears and what do they contain?

A

Sound and balance receptors - Sensitive to change in position

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8
Q

What receptors are in your nose and what do they contain?

A

Smell receptors - Sensitive to chemical stimuli

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9
Q

What receptors are in your tongue and what do they contain?

A

Taste receptors - Sensitive to bitter, salt, sweet tastes (chemical stimuli)

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10
Q

What receptors are in your skin and what do they contain?

A

Sensitive to touch, pressure and temperature change

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11
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses from receptors to organs in the CNS

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12
Q

What are relay neurons?

A

Nerve cells which carry signals from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

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13
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Nerve cells which carry signals from the CNS to effector muscles or glands

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14
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Spine and brain

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15
Q

What happens at the CNS?

A

Coordination centres - Where information from the receptors in sense organs is sent to and where responses are coordinated e.g to effector muslces

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16
Q

What do control systems consist of?

A

Receptors -> coordination centres -> effectors

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17
Q

What is the role of a control system in your body?

A

To keep conditions constant by responding to stimuli

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18
Q

What is the connection between 2 neurons called?

A

Synapse

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19
Q

How is the nerve signal transferred across a synapse?

A

By the chemicals which diffuse across the gap

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20
Q

What happens next after the chemicals have diffused across a synapse?

A

The chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neurons

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21
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A response to a stimuli

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22
Q

What is the passage of information in a reflex called?

A

A reflex arc

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23
Q

Where does a reflex arc go through in your body?

A

CNS

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24
Q

What is the brain responsible for in terms of behaviour?

A

Complex behaviours

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25
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex in your brain?

A

Consciousness, memory, language and intelligence (-> If you’re reading this, you need more)

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26
Q

What is the function of the medulla in your brain?

A

Controls unconscious activities e.g heart rate and breathing

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27
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum in your brain?

A

Muscle coordination

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28
Q

What is the function of your spinal cord (top end which connects to your brain)?

A

Part of the CNS

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29
Q

What are methods to see which part of the brain has been damaged?

A

Ask patient what effect he is having e.g blind
MRI scans
Electrically stimulating the brain

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30
Q

What needs to be kept constant in your body?

A

Water levels, glucose levels, temperature, ion content

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31
Q

What is the system called which keeps levels constant in your body?

A

Automatic control systems

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32
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical substances secreted by glands

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33
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

In the bloodstream to other parts in the body, but only effect particular cells

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34
Q

What is responsible to keep your ion content constant?

A

Kidneys

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35
Q

What happens if you eat a food with too much of an ion?

A

You shit, or piss it out

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36
Q

Where is water lost in your body?

A

Skin with sweat
Lungs with respiration
Kidneys with urine

37
Q

What controls your water levels in your body?

A

Hormones

38
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most of the enzymes in your body?

A

37C

39
Q

What temperature does your body try to maintain at?

A

37C

40
Q

Which part of your body controls body temperature?

A

Brain

41
Q

What 2 hormones allow you to maintain a constant level of glucose in your blood?

A

Glucagon and insulin

42
Q

What part of your body controls your blood sugar levels?

A

Pancreas

43
Q

What is the job of the liver?

A

Deamination and detoxification

44
Q

What does the liver break down amino acids into?

A

Ammonia

45
Q

Why does your liver need to break down amino acids?

A

Because too many are harmful if they stay in your body

46
Q

What does ammonia get converted into?

A

Urea

47
Q

Where is urea lost in your body?

A

Sweat and urine

48
Q

Name some substances that your liver breaks down

A

Alcohol, drugs and unwanted hormones

49
Q

What is the process called where the liver breaks down alcohol?

A

Detoxification

50
Q

Where are substances which have been detoxificated go?

A

In your urine

51
Q

What does your body do with old blood cells and why?

A

Breaks them down and stores them because they have iron in them

52
Q

What is the main function of your kidneys?

A

Filtering your blood to produce urine

53
Q

What happens to stuff that isn’t filtered by your kidneys?

A

It is reabsorbed

54
Q

Name some products which could be reabsorbed

A

Glucose, water, dissolved ions

55
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

A high pressure which squeezes mater, urea and ions and sugar out of the blood (and into bowman’s capsule)

(Basically what goes on in the filtering of the blood)

56
Q

What stops bigger molecules like RBCs being filtered into your urine?

A

Membranes between blood vessels in the Bowman’s capsule

57
Q

What goes on in the reabsorption

A

As the liquid flows through the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed

58
Q

Which type of movement of ions is involved with the reabsorption of glucose?

A

Active transport

59
Q

Which part of your body keeps water levels constant?

A

Kidneys

60
Q

Why do you want to keep your water levels constant?

A

Controls rate of osmosis and blood pressure

61
Q

What hormone controls how much water is absorbed?

A

ADH

62
Q

How does ADH allow more water to be absorbed?

A

Makes nephrons more permeable

63
Q

What gland releases ADH?

A

Pituitary gland

64
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the brain

65
Q

What happens if more ADH is released?

A

The kidneys reabsorb more water and more concentrated urine is produced

66
Q

What happens if less ADH is released?

A

The kidneys reabsorb less water and less concentrated urine is produced

67
Q

What type of urine do you have if you drink lots of water?

A

Dilute urine

68
Q

What type of urine do you have if you don’t drink lots of water?

A

Concentrated urine

69
Q

What can trigger ADH to be released?

A

Exercise, lack of water and heat

70
Q

What happens in the blood if kidneys don’t work properly?

A

Waste substances build up and you lose the ability to control levels of ions and water

71
Q

What is are treatments for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis or kidney transplant

72
Q

What happens in dialysis

A

The persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid

73
Q

What concentration of glucose is in dialysis fluid and why?

A

The same as human concentration levels so glucose isn’t lost in the fluid

74
Q

What diffuses into the dialysis fluid from human blood?

A

Waste products and excess ions and water

75
Q

What are risks of dialysis?

A

Can cause blood clots and infections

76
Q

What is an advantage of dialysis?

A

Keeps patient alive

77
Q

What are some disadvantages of dialysis?

A

Takes around 12-16 hours per week
Expensive
Risk of blood clots and infections
Need pills to thin blood

78
Q

What is the only cure for a kidney failure?

A

Transplant

79
Q

What happens to your skin when you’re too hot?

A

Hairs lie flat, sweat produced, vasodilation

80
Q

What happens to your body when you’re too cold?

A

Hairs stand up, no sweat, vasoconstriction, shiver

81
Q

What happens in vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels dilate so more blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and have a larger SA

82
Q

What happens in vasoconstriction?

A

Blood vessels constrict so less blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and have a smaller SA

83
Q

When is insulin secreted into the bloodstream?

A

When the levels of glucose are too high

84
Q

What does insulin make the liver do?

A

Turn glucose into glycogen and store it

85
Q

What does glucagon make the liver do?

A

Turn glycogen into glucose and secrete it into the bloodstream

86
Q

What can someone with type 1 diabetes not do?

A

Produce insulin

87
Q

What precautions does someone with diabetes need to take?

A

Careful diet,exercise regularly and inject insulin into them

88
Q

What happens to the insulin someone with type 2 diabetes produces?

A

It isn’t effective because their body is resistant to it

89
Q

What can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes?

A

Bad diet and being a fat shit

YEAR 11 - BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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