Nerves and Homoeostasis

Question 1

What are the 5 sense organs?

Answer 1

Tongue, Nose, Ears, Eyes, Skin

Question 2

What is a stimulus?

Answer 2

A change in environment

Question 3

What is a receptor?

Answer 3

Something sensitive to a stimuli

Question 4

How do receptors work?

Answer 4

They change stimulus energy into electrical impulses

Question 5

Name examples of stimuli

Answer 5

Light, Sound, Touch, Pressure, Pain, Chemical

Question 6

What receptors are in your eyes and what do they contain?

Answer 6

Light receptors - Have nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

Question 7

What receptors are in your ears and what do they contain?

Answer 7

Sound and balance receptors - Sensitive to change in position

Question 8

What receptors are in your nose and what do they contain?

Answer 8

Smell receptors - Sensitive to chemical stimuli

Question 9

What receptors are in your tongue and what do they contain?

Answer 9

Taste receptors - Sensitive to bitter, salt, sweet tastes (chemical stimuli)

Question 10

What receptors are in your skin and what do they contain?

Answer 10

Sensitive to touch, pressure and temperature change

Question 11

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 11

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses from receptors to organs in the CNS

Question 12

What are relay neurons?

Answer 12

Nerve cells which carry signals from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

Question 13

What are motor neurons?

Answer 13

Nerve cells which carry signals from the CNS to effector muscles or glands

Question 14

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 14

Spine and brain

Question 15

What happens at the CNS?

Answer 15

Coordination centres - Where information from the receptors in sense organs is sent to and where responses are coordinated e.g to effector muslces

Question 16

What do control systems consist of?

Answer 16

Receptors -> coordination centres -> effectors

Question 17

What is the role of a control system in your body?

Answer 17

To keep conditions constant by responding to stimuli

Question 18

What is the connection between 2 neurons called?

Answer 18

Synapse

Question 19

How is the nerve signal transferred across a synapse?

Answer 19

By the chemicals which diffuse across the gap

Question 20

What happens next after the chemicals have diffused across a synapse?

Answer 20

The chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next neurons

Question 21

What is a reflex?

Answer 21

A response to a stimuli

Question 22

What is the passage of information in a reflex called?

Answer 22

A reflex arc

Question 23

Where does a reflex arc go through in your body?

Answer 23

CNS

Question 24

What is the brain responsible for in terms of behaviour?

Answer 24

Complex behaviours

Question 25

What is the function of the cerebral cortex in your brain?

Answer 25

Consciousness, memory, language and intelligence (-> If you're reading this, you need more)

Question 26

What is the function of the medulla in your brain?

Answer 26

Controls unconscious activities e.g heart rate and breathing

Question 27

What is the function of the cerebellum in your brain?

Answer 27

Muscle coordination

Question 28

What is the function of your spinal cord (top end which connects to your brain)?

Answer 28

Part of the CNS

Question 29

What are methods to see which part of the brain has been damaged?

Answer 29

Ask patient what effect he is having e.g blind MRI scans Electrically stimulating the brain

Question 30

What needs to be kept constant in your body?

Answer 30

Water levels, glucose levels, temperature, ion content

Question 31

What is the system called which keeps levels constant in your body?

Answer 31

Automatic control systems

Question 32

What is a hormone?

Answer 32

Chemical substances secreted by glands

Question 33

Where do hormones travel?

Answer 33

In the bloodstream to other parts in the body, but only effect particular cells

Question 34

What is responsible to keep your ion content constant?

Answer 34

Kidneys

Question 35

What happens if you eat a food with too much of an ion?

Answer 35

You shit, or piss it out

Question 36

Where is water lost in your body?

Answer 36

Skin with sweat Lungs with respiration Kidneys with urine

Question 37

What controls your water levels in your body?

Answer 37

Hormones

Question 38

What is the optimum temperature for most of the enzymes in your body?

Answer 38

37C

Question 39

What temperature does your body try to maintain at?

Answer 39

37C

Question 40

Which part of your body controls body temperature?

Answer 40

Brain

Question 41

What 2 hormones allow you to maintain a constant level of glucose in your blood?

Answer 41

Glucagon and insulin

Question 42

What part of your body controls your blood sugar levels?

Answer 42

Pancreas

Question 43

What is the job of the liver?

Answer 43

Deamination and detoxification

Question 44

What does the liver break down amino acids into?

Answer 44

Ammonia

Question 45

Why does your liver need to break down amino acids?

Answer 45

Because too many are harmful if they stay in your body

Question 46

What does ammonia get converted into?

Answer 46

Urea

Question 47

Where is urea lost in your body?

Answer 47

Sweat and urine

Question 48

Name some substances that your liver breaks down

Answer 48

Alcohol, drugs and unwanted hormones

Question 49

What is the process called where the liver breaks down alcohol?

Answer 49

Detoxification

Question 50

Where are substances which have been detoxificated go?

Answer 50

In your urine

Question 51

What does your body do with old blood cells and why?

Answer 51

Breaks them down and stores them because they have iron in them

Question 52

What is the main function of your kidneys?

Answer 52

Filtering your blood to produce urine

Question 53

What happens to stuff that isn't filtered by your kidneys?

Answer 53

It is reabsorbed

Question 54

Name some products which could be reabsorbed

Answer 54

Glucose, water, dissolved ions

Question 55

What is ultrafiltration?

Answer 55

A high pressure which squeezes mater, urea and ions and sugar out of the blood (and into bowman's capsule) (Basically what goes on in the filtering of the blood)

Question 56

What stops bigger molecules like RBCs being filtered into your urine?

Answer 56

Membranes between blood vessels in the Bowman's capsule

Question 57

What goes on in the reabsorption

Answer 57

As the liquid flows through the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed

Question 58

Which type of movement of ions is involved with the reabsorption of glucose?

Answer 58

Active transport

Question 59

Which part of your body keeps water levels constant?

Answer 59

Kidneys

Question 60

Why do you want to keep your water levels constant?

Answer 60

Controls rate of osmosis and blood pressure

Question 61

What hormone controls how much water is absorbed?

Answer 61

ADH

Question 62

How does ADH allow more water to be absorbed?

Answer 62

Makes nephrons more permeable

Question 63

What gland releases ADH?

Answer 63

Pituitary gland

Question 64

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 64

In the brain

Question 65

What happens if more ADH is released?

Answer 65

The kidneys reabsorb more water and more concentrated urine is produced

Question 66

What happens if less ADH is released?

Answer 66

The kidneys reabsorb less water and less concentrated urine is produced

Question 67

What type of urine do you have if you drink lots of water?

Answer 67

Dilute urine

Question 68

What type of urine do you have if you don't drink lots of water?

Answer 68

Concentrated urine

Question 69

What can trigger ADH to be released?

Answer 69

Exercise, lack of water and heat

Question 70

What happens in the blood if kidneys don't work properly?

Answer 70

Waste substances build up and you lose the ability to control levels of ions and water

Question 71

What is are treatments for kidney failure?

Answer 71

Dialysis or kidney transplant

Question 72

What happens in dialysis

Answer 72

The persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid

Question 73

What concentration of glucose is in dialysis fluid and why?

Answer 73

The same as human concentration levels so glucose isn't lost in the fluid

Question 74

What diffuses into the dialysis fluid from human blood?

Answer 74

Waste products and excess ions and water

Question 75

What are risks of dialysis?

Answer 75

Can cause blood clots and infections

Question 76

What is an advantage of dialysis?

Answer 76

Keeps patient alive

Question 77

What are some disadvantages of dialysis?

Answer 77

Takes around 12-16 hours per week Expensive Risk of blood clots and infections Need pills to thin blood

Question 78

What is the only cure for a kidney failure?

Answer 78

Transplant

Question 79

What happens to your skin when you're too hot?

Answer 79

Hairs lie flat, sweat produced, vasodilation

Question 80

What happens to your body when you're too cold?

Answer 80

Hairs stand up, no sweat, vasoconstriction, shiver

Question 81

What happens in vasodilation?

Answer 81

Blood vessels dilate so more blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and have a larger SA

Question 82

What happens in vasoconstriction?

Answer 82

Blood vessels constrict so less blood flows closer to the surface of the skin and have a smaller SA

Question 83

When is insulin secreted into the bloodstream?

Answer 83

When the levels of glucose are too high

Question 84

What does insulin make the liver do?

Answer 84

Turn glucose into glycogen and store it

Question 85

What does glucagon make the liver do?

Answer 85

Turn glycogen into glucose and secrete it into the bloodstream

Question 86

What can someone with type 1 diabetes not do?

Answer 86

Produce insulin

Question 87

What precautions does someone with diabetes need to take?

Answer 87

Careful diet,exercise regularly and inject insulin into them

Question 88

What happens to the insulin someone with type 2 diabetes produces?

Answer 88

It isn't effective because their body is resistant to it

Question 89

What can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 89

Bad diet and being a fat shit